Unit Two Task 1 Familiarizing Yourself with Classification
1) Man-made or anthropogenic causes, and natural causes.
1. Skim the following passage for the answers to the questions below.
2) Pollution (burning fossil fuels, mining coal and oil, etc.), the production of CO2 ( the increase of
population, the demolition of trees, etc.) 3) CO2 is a greenhouse gas that traps heat in the Earth’s atmosphere.
4) Classif ication helps us to determine and understand the relationship of the parts of a subject which is studied by us. Classification is made on the basis of a clear definition.
5) In order to make a clear and logic classification, one needs to follow a principle of classification and go on with a system consistently. For example, the categories of classification should be mutually exclusive and no overlapping is allowed.
Reading 1
Causes for Global Warming
Understanding Lectures through Classification
Task 2
Listening 1
1. Listening to the lecture and write down whatever you believe is important, especially the classifications of key terms.
Unconscious motivation, unconscious conflict, the id, the ego, the superego, etc.
2. Use your notes. Decide if the statements below are true (T) or false (F). Then justify your answers, in the space provided, by giving evidence from the talk. 1) T 2) F 3) F 4) F 5) T 6) F 7) T 8) F
3. Listen again, paying attention to the following classifications and then complete the tables below.
Idea One: The existence of an unconscious motivation
Idea Two: The notion of unconscious dynamics or conflict
4. Listen again and piece your notes together into a short summary. Then retell the lecture to your partner.
There are two interesting ideas in Freud’s theory: first, the existence of unconscious motivation; second, the concept of unconscious conflict. Freud believes that unconscious motivation might play an important role in a lot of situations, such as marriage, forgetting a person’s name, calling out the wrong name etc. In his view, there are three processes going on in the head, namely, id, ego and superego, which are in violent internal conflict. Id functions on“the Pleasure Principle”, while ego works on “the Reality Principle”and superego is the internalized rules of a society. Ego is in between id and superego.
Task 3 Reading Classification Articles
Reading 2 Renewable Energy Sources—A Brief Summary
1. Work with a partner or a group of 3—4 students. Study the title and phrases in bold of
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Reading 2 and discuss the following questions.
1) Renewable energy is energy which comes from natural resources such as sunlight, wind, rain, tides, and geothermal heat, which are renewable (naturally replenished). 2) √ The purpose of using renewable energy sources.
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√ The classification of renewable energy sources. √ The examples of different types of renewable energy sources. √ The advantages and disadvantages of various types of renewable energy sources. √ The history of the use of different energy sources. □ How energy is obtained from various sources.
3) I will write:
(1) The definition of the renewable energy. (2) The classification of the renewable energy.
(3) The advantages and the disadvantages of various types of renewable energy sources. 2. Read the following questions and scan Reading 2 for their answers.
1) The signing of the Kyoto Treaty. 2) It converts the sun’s rays into energy.
3) The main demerit is that it is limited. 4) Sailors, farmers and architects.
5) The main advantage is that this doesn’t produce any by-products that can be harmful to the environment.
6) Because the Earth’s crust continuously decays replenishing the heat.
7) They use the force of the water to push the turbine which in turn powers a generator thus generating electricity.
8) It poses a problem for fish and aquatic plants on both sides of the dam.
9) They contain no petroleum, and they are nontoxic and biodegradable. 10) The Environmental Protection Agency.
3. Match the target words with the definitions below. You may infer their meaning from context.
1) j. evolution
2) s. solar
3) a. architect 8) f. crusade
) b. biodegradable 7) r. radioactive 10) q. radiant 11) i. domestic 12) t. validation 16) n. install
9) h. distribute
4) l. geothermal 5) p. pre
13) k. generator 14) d. capture
15) g. def
17) e. consumption 18) m. harness 19) o. internal
20) c. bla
4. For open discussion
Reading 3 Types of Pollution
5. Read the definitions below and choose the words that fit these definitions.
1) voluntary
2) construction
3) contamination 8) irrigation
13) vapor 18) underground
4) eruption 9) confine 14) decay
6) deforestation 7) yield 11) hazardous 12) residential 16) disrupt
17) particulate
5) regu
10) sew
15) eros
19) concentration 20) com
6. Match each paragraph with its main idea.
Paragraphs Main ideas
(_k_) Para. A (_s_) Para. B (_z_) Para. C a. Definition and sources of noise pollution. b. Characteristics of radioactive pollution. c. Effects of water pollution.
(_f_) Para.D (_o_) Para. E (_x_) Para.F (_c_) Para. G (_y_) Para. H (_q_) Para. I (_v_) Para. J (_a_) Para. K (_i_) Para. L (_b_) Para. M (_l_) Para. N (_d_) Para. O (_w_) Para. P (_e_) Para. Q
d. Consequences of radiation pollution. e. Causes of thermal pollution. f. Effects of air pollution. g. Problems caused by thermal pollution. h. Undesirable results caused by light pollution. i. Damages caused by noise pollution. j. Causes and harms of visual pollution. k. A general description of the 9 recognized sources of pollutil. Sources of radioactive pollution. m. Effects of visual pollution. n. Sources of visual pollution. o. What is water pollution. p. Definition and sources of personal pollution. q. Soil pollution sources.
Paragraphs Main ideas (_g_) Para. R (_u_) Para.S (_h_) Para. T (_j_) Para. U (_n_) Para. V (_m_) Para. W (_p_) Para. X (_t_) Para.Y (_r_) Para. Z
r. The interrelations among all kinds of pollution. s. The definition of air pollution. t. How to eliminate personal pollution. u. Definition and sources of light pollution v. Problems caused by soil pollution. w. Definition of thermal pollution. x. Causes of water pollution. y. Definition of soil pollution. z. Sources of air pollution.
7. Decide which of the statements can be inferred from Reading 3, and then write down the number
of the paragraph(s) from which your answer most probably comes, leaving the explicit or false statements unnumbered, but using E or F respectively to indicate that they are explicit or false. Discuss your answers with a partner.
Paragraphs (Marked I, or E or F) Para. Z Statements 1. A knowledge of different pollution types enables a person to change his lifestyle.
E 2. Thermal pollution is caused by too much heat which creates unfavorable effects over a long time.
Para. D Para. L Para. E F Para. H E 3. If the air is f illed with a high concentration of pollutants, it would lead to obvious problems. 4. Noise pollution may lead to deafness or interrupt the normal life of wild animals. 5. Water pollution may result in an insufficient supply of drinkable water. 6. Since visual pollution causes few immediate health effects, it is not serious at all. 7. Soil pollution may be both intended and unintended. 8. Over smoking and drinking belongs to personal pollution.
Task 4 Writing an Essay of Classification
Reading 4 Types of Sustainability
1. Fill in the blanks to complete the main ideas and the supporting details.
Parts Para. Main ideas Supporting details I A Classif ication of sustainability: human, economic, social, and environmental. human sustainability: Def inition of It is vital to understand the differences of each in terms of its nature and requirements. Elements involved: For parents: to proper education, and promoting their health and well-being. For children: having enough skills and knowledge. good productive health and safe childbearing. caring for their children, giving them access B Definition of economic sustainability: having Explanation: (relation between preservation C a set amount of capital for a certain period. and consumption) We must preserve all our sources as we consume them. II Why social capital is important: It is Explanation (how to achieve it): through communities and civil societies that Through D humankind can easily and inexpensively work proper maintenance of and adherence to laws, rules, and values that societies together. have developed for the common Why environmental sustainability is important: Elements involved: E—F need for economic or manufactured capital. good, social It involves natural resources that human beings Natural resources: Materials taken from nature are used for solutions that address human needs. Waste emissions: They must be at volumes that nature can handle.
5. Study the following models, and then paraphrase the sentences below by changing the order of a structure. The new sentences should be as similar as possible in meaning to the original
sentences but as different as possible in structure and as formal as possible in style.
1) Declarative sentences are mostly employed in academic writing, despite the occasional utilizations of interrogative sentences.
2) To support the truths, reliable evidence is quoted by scholars in all disciplines.
3) Much importance should be attached to the comprehension of the difference between education and training.
) A person who exposes himself to the sunlight for excessive time is susceptible to malignant
melanoma.
5) Students doing temporary jobs display a better performance in their academic studies.
6) American frontier is deeply rooted in many aspects of American character.
7) The direct involvement of many a foreign country is evident in the process of US territorial expansion.
8) Parents need to equipped with much care and knowledge while raising a kid.
9) Environment plays a vital role in the growth of plants.
10) In the past, Beijing was ravaged by dust storms for 20 days annually.
Integrated Exercises
2. Match each word in the box with the group of words that regularly occur with it in all cases.
1) motivation capture
2) demolish 7) assert 12) disrupt
3) symptom 8) yield
4) combat 9) internal
5) 10)
6) distribute emergence
11) adherence
3. For each of the sentences below, write a new sentences as similar as possible in meaning to the original sentence, but as different as possible in vocabulary and structure and as formal as possible in style. You are required to use the words given in capital letters. And then compare them with your partner’s. 1) Internet access is available in students’ dormitory.
2) If you can harness your energy, you’ll be rewarded with huge accomplishments.
3) It has been confirmed that foul weather is highly hazardous for sea navigation. 4) The governmental nuclear waste disposal plan arouses fierce protests of the local residents.
5) Extinction of this rare species of bird is foreseeable if effective measures are not taken. 6) While delivering a public speech, a speaker must articulate his/her arguments. 7) I highly esteem his current research on stem cells.
8) A speaker cannot always secure the cooperation of the audience.
9) The car industry of this country is sheltered by its government from foreign competition. 10) Even a moderate elevation of blood pressure leads to shortened life expectancy.
5. Translate the following sentences into English by using the phrase above. Make sure that your English sentences are as formal as possible. Then compare them with your partner’s to see whose version is more formal.
1) The effective disposal of the recognized sources of pollution demonstrates to be of great aid in the elevation of people’s quality of life.
2) Since the rapid evolution of technology, the lifestyles of the generations ahead of us will witness a revolutionized change.
3) Tapping heat from the Earth enables the residents of resource-poor regions to combat the poor
conditions.
4) The downside of the practice of fertilizing the soil by burning straws is the fact that the released dusts and particles pose a serious problem for the health of the respiratory system. 5) This campaign, organized by environmentally conscious individuals, has a measurable effect on the general improvement of all the people’s environmental protection awareness.
6) The history of deforestation can date back to two millenniums ago, which has deteriorated constantly in the modern time, leading to a huge loss of wildlife habitat. 7) During the visit to Huangshan (Yellow Mountain), the tourists were amazed at how nature works wonders, realizing that beauty is only sustainable if all of us care for the environment around us. 8) Drug abuse is a general degradation of lifestyle, causing immediate health effects. 9) Oil leakage in the mainstream river considerably decreases the quantity of drinkable water; what’s worse, the adverse effects are not confined to areas near the source.
10) Luckily, the pollution inflicted by this accident will be effectively removed through natural cycles, not having a negative impact on the environment.
Listening 2
A. Listen, note down the important ideas and details, and then decide whether the following statements are true or false. Use T for true and F for false. (1) T (2) F (3) F (4) F (5) T (6) F (7) F
B. Listen carefully, and then answer the following questions briefly with the information from the lecture.
(1) The individual’s potential and the importance of growth and self-actualization. (2) The lower one.
(3) By providing lunch breaks, rest breaks and sufficient wages to purchase essentials. (4) The love and belonging needs.
(5) They are self-aware, concerned with personal growth, less concerned with the opinions of other
people, and interested in fulfilling their potential. C. Listen again and write a short summary of the lecture.
This lecture is about Maslow’s theory of the hierarchy of needs, namely physiological needs, safety needs, social needs, esteem needs, and self-actualization needs. Physiological needs are the most basic and instinctive ones, which must be satisf ied f irst. Safety needs refer to the needs for safety and security, also important for survival. Social needs include the needs for belonging, love and affection, the deprivation of which leads to unhappiness. Esteem needs ref lect on personal worth, social recognition and accomplishment; if unmet, it may lead to inferiority complex. Self- actualization needs are at the highest level, meaning to realize a person’s full potential, capacities and talents.
Listening 3
A. Listen, note down the important ideas and details, and then choose the best answer to the
following questions from the four choices given.
(1) A (2) A (3) D (4) C (5) B
B. Listen again focusing on the specific information, and then fill in the blanks with the
missing words.
classically, runny nose, sore throat, intrigued, initially, clinically, alludes to, building up, immune system, creeping up, shuffling, infect, rip through, hospitalizations. C. Listen again and answer the following questions.
(1) B C E
(2) ① ABC ② AB ③ AB ④ AB ⑤ ABC ⑥ C ⑦ A ⑧ A ⑨ A ⑩ AC
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