考研英语(阅读)模拟试卷86(题后含答案及解析)

考研英语（阅读）模拟试卷86 (题后含答案及解析)

全部题型 2. Reading Comprehension

Section II Reading Comprehension

Part ADirections: Read the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing A, B, C or D. (40 points)

“Bah! Humbug”, was Scrooge’s opinion of charitable giving and even today some economists reckon charity goes against economic rationality. It is often alleged that altruism is inconsistent with economic rationality, which assumes that people behave selfishly. Certainly, much economic analysis is concerned with how individuals behave, and homo economicus(economic man)is usually assumed to act in his or her self-interest. Some economic models assume that self-interested individuals behave altruistically because they get some benefit, or utility, from doing so. For instance, it may make them feel better about themselves, or be a useful insurance policy against social unrest. Other economic models relax the traditional assumption of fully rational behaviour by simply assuming that people sometimes behave altruistically, even if this may be against their self-interest. The Peace Corps is an example, for people often give up potentially lucrative starts to their careers or interrupt them to do good work overseas. People who work for the Peace Corps do so because they want to and to keep the Peace Corps dynamic with fresh ideas. Sociologists would argue that there is a natural inclination of human beings to engage themselves in helping others, as a natural instinct to preserve the species. Thus public duty is a survival act. The question then is raised regarding political participation, whether it can be classified as an act of economic rationality or of altruism. Public duty may not necessarily mean official duty, although it may include that constant and active practical participation in the details of politics without which, upon the part of the most intelligent citizens, the conduct of public affairs falls under the control of selfish and ignorant or crafty and venal men. Politics often requires service in committees, care and trouble and expense of many kinds, patient endurance of rebuffs, chagrins, ridicules, disappointments, and defeats. All these duties and services, when selfishly and meanly performed, stigmatize a man as a mere politician, but when performed with honesty and vigilance, they become gradual building blocks, stone by stone and layer by layer, of a nation of self-restrained liberty.

1． In the first paragraph, the author discusses the economic treatment behind altruism in order to______.

A．treat it in a sociological perspective instead

B．demonstrate that the economic view of man is insufficient C．argue that altruism is really a form of self-interest

D．introduce his argument that charity is part of humanity

正确答案：B

解析：属信息归纳题。本文论述利他主义的重要性，第一段首先引述认为利他主义有悖于经济理性的观点。参照全文结构，后文均是对“无私”展开论述可以判断，第一段这样写的目的在于，表明只以经济学观点看待人是不充分的。 知识模块：阅读

2． The third paragraph best supports the statement that Peace Corps employees______.

A．act in contradiction to traditional views of economic rationality

B．are hired for a limited term of employment to prevent self-interest from setting in

C．are people who have no desire for self-interest

D．sacrifice their academic and work experience entirely just to join

正确答案：A

解析：属信息归纳题。第三段侧重论述无私的政治参与的重要性，也是对经济理性传统观点的反驳。C项和第三段的“政治参与”无太大关联。 知识模块：阅读

3． The author indicates in the text that public duty stresses______. A．a necessary kind of craftiness to succeed

B．the recognition of an official duty of every citizen

C．a certain attention to details which may involve much sacrifice D．a recognition that you should gain nothing from it personally

正确答案：C

解析：属事实细节题。第三段明确指出，公共义务往往要求劳心费神和各种付出。 知识模块：阅读

4． The phrase “relax the traditional assumption”(line 3-4, para. 2)probably means to______.

A．expand it to include more B．replace it with another C．change it somewhat

D．make it more accommodating

正确答案：D

解析：属词义推断题。在这个词组之后是一个方式状语，为这个词组的含义做出重要提示：有些经济学模式认为人们有时即使违背自身利益也会表现得无私。根据后续提示，并结合传统看法，可以判定，这个词组的意义应为“使这个

传统看法变得较为通融”。 知识模块：阅读

5． The text is probably mainly intended to express the idea that______. A．charity has never been under the control of selfish men B．personal attention of officeholders insures a healthy society C．altruism is rational and an integral part of a nation D．public duty is synonymous with official duty

正确答案：C 解析：属主旨思想题。本文主要论述利他主义的重要性，故选项C正确。 知识模块：阅读

Marijuana has been considered by some as a “gateway” drug that can lure young experimenters toward addiction to stronger drugs. In a similar though less insidious fashion, often the initial contact children have with computers lure them into the world of computers. However, many preadolescents and adolescents do not enjoy their initial experiences with these playful introductions to technology, and large numbers of those who are disenchanted are girls. Girls usually have the same access to computers as boys but researchers say, by the time they get to high school, they are victims of what the researchers call a major new gender gap in technology. Girls tend to be less comfortable than boys with the computer. They use it more for word processing rather than for problem solving, rather than to discover new ways in which to understand information. Researchers found that girls make up only a small percentage of students in computer science classes. Girls consistently rate themselves significantly lower than boys in their ability and confidence in using computers and they use computers less often than boys outside the classroom. Socialization in American culture is rife with messages about the gender appropriateness of computers from the media, parents and schools. While there are no signs at the doors to computer labs that say, “No girls allowed,” barriers do exist that discourage girls from participating fully in technological advancements of the late 20th century, and many of them are, unfortunately, self-imposed. Girls observe the association between males and computers and decide they don’t belong. Computer labs themselves, with their stark walls isolating cubicles and distinct culture comprising its own vocabulary, humor and status system among members, can cause nonmembers of the culture to have negative initial encounters with computers that result in computer avoidance. Especially during their teen years, when girls are defining themselves and their place in society, the risk of venturing onto such unfriendly turf can seem too great.

6． Girls usually rate themselves______. A．as being uncomfortable using computers B．as comfortable using computers

C．as being only good with understanding information D．as not being good at word processing

正确答案：A

解析：属事实细节题。第二段第二句指出，和男孩相比，女孩往往对电脑的运用不够自如。故A项正确。 知识模块：阅读

7． By the time students are in high school,______.

A．many girls use computers for problem solving rather than for pleasure B．girls usually get lower results in computer courses

C．tend to use computers more in the class than out of the class D．many girls have lost interest in computers

正确答案：D

解析：属信息归纳题。第二段谈到，到了上中学的年龄，女孩使用电脑更多的是处理文字，而不是解决问题或探索理解信息的新途径，而且电脑班只有一小部分是女生使用电脑也不如男生频繁。这说明女生对电脑失去了兴趣。 知识模块：阅读

8． For girls computer labs seems to be______. A．full of people who tell girls they don’t belong B．full of software that is only appealing to boys C．places that teachers discourage girls to be D．intimidating and associated as male areas

正确答案：D

解析：属信息归纳题。第i段指出，在女孩看来，电脑房令人发憷，而且与男性相联系。 知识模块：阅读

9． Though the problem is deep, the author thinks the gender gap needs to be closed because______.

A．it isn’t fair that boys use the computers all the time B．there isn’t enough money for computers

C．the ability to use the computer is important in today’s world D．it may add to the already high gender discrimination in schools

正确答案：C

解析：属态度推断题。综合全篇信息，可以看出，作者认为女孩应该提高应用电脑的能力。 知识模块：阅读

10． According to the text, which does the author believe is true?

A．If girls had an equal chance at playing games, they would like computers. B．If the computer games were less violent, girls would like it better.

C．If the software content was changed, girls would be more interested in computers.

D．If girls somehow identified themselves with computers they would use them

more.

正确答案：D

解析：属信息推断题。在第三段第三句作者指出，女孩把男性和电脑相互联系，导致她们对电脑敬而远之。由此可以推知，作者认为，如果女孩对电脑有认同感，她们就会更多地使用电脑。 知识模块：阅读

As a bicycle commuter, club cyclist, and fan of lightweight electric vehicles, I’m very interested in maintaining the legal right of drivers of slow vehicles to access every destination they choose. Historically, drivers of slower vehicles including bicycles, tractors, and horse-drawn carriages have been allowed to use virtually every roadway not posted with a minimum speed limit beyond the vehicle’s capabilities. With few exceptions, these minimum speed limits apply only to controlled-access freeways that do not provide exclusive access to destinations and are redundant to local roads accessible to slow vehicles. This status quo protects the travel rights of people without the use of highspeed vehicles. An increasing number of new suburban communities, especially in the Sunbelt, feature highspeed(40-50 mph)arterial roads as the only useful through roads connecting increasingly segregated land uses such as residences, shopping, schools, and employment. At first, many states and cities tried to ban cyclists from these arterial roads, claiming them to be hazardous for them, but bicycling organizations successfully challenged these discriminatory laws by showing that these roads are essential for cyclists to use for basic transportation to everyday destinations, and that the accident data showed that the injury rate on arterials is not much higher than other roads. Bicycling organizations and supporters of the Amish, who travel by horse-drawn carriage, have waged a constant political battle in the courts and legislatures for most of a century to protect the right to travel on all streets to important destinations, regardless of the posted minimum speed limit. Bicyclists also worked hard to preserve the legal right to operate according to the same rules as drivers, instead of by pedestrian rules, because the rules for drivers were shown to be much safer and much more convenient for cyclists. Instead of banning bicycles, states and municipalities instead turned their attention toward how to improve accommodation of cyclists. It looks like we may finally be winning the war to protect our constitutional travel rights.

11． The author wants to maintain the status quo because______. A．he believes slower vehicles do not need any more access B．he agrees with minimum speed limits

C．he believes that minimum speed limits should be eradicated D．he believes in the rights of slower vehicles

正确答案：D

解析：属事实细节题。文章开头指出，作者热衷于维护慢速交通工具驾驶者到达目的地的合法权利。第一段结尾又说到，这种现状保护了不使用高速交通工

具者的出行权利。 知识模块：阅读

12． According to the author,______.

A．cycling is less dangerous than driving a vehicle B．the injury rate on arterials is not high

C．arterial roads are not much more hazardous than other roads for cyclists D．the accident rate for arterials is no higher than other roads

正确答案：C

解析：属事实细节题。第二段末尾指出，对于自行车手来说，干线公路的伤亡率并不比其他道路高多少，说明干线公路并不比其他道路危险。 知识模块：阅读

13． It is inferred that cyclists may lose their rights to ride in many places unless______.

A．the rules are changed to allow cyclists more access

B．people, like the author, constantly fight to preserve the status quo

C．people are educated as to the importance of slow moving vehicles like bicycles

D．cyclists are given the same rights as pedestrians

正确答案：B 解析：属信息推断题。第三段介绍了自行车运动组织和自行车手一直努力坚持维护自己的权利。不难判断，如果没有他们不懈的努力，自行车手在很多地方就会失去出行的权利。 知识模块：阅读

14． According to the text,______.

A．bicycles should be treated as pedestrians

B．motorists have been taking the rights of cyclists in courts C．it is safer if cyclists are made to follow the rules of car drivers

D．municipalities must turn their attention to accommodating instead of banning bicyclists

正确答案：C

解析：属事实细节题。第三段明确提到，适用于司机的规章对自行车手来说更为安全。 知识模块：阅读

15． One reason why cyclists won their fight against cities who tried to ban them was______.

A．the court saw the benefits of bicycling for the environment and health B．the court did not see the safety issue as important enough to ban bicycles C．it was proven that bicycles are no more dangerous than cars D．the safety concern claims were successfully challenged

正确答案：D

解析：属逻辑关系题。第二、三两段都写道，自行车运动组织和运动者们用事实推翻了干线公路危险的说法。这与各州和市政当局没有禁止自行车明显形成因果关系。 知识模块：阅读

Dieting is often doomed to failure. The problem is, we don’t follow the rules we learn. No carbs after 6pm? No problem—until we’re out for dinner, on our second glass of wine and reaching for the bread basket. Everyone has a flash point that makes it hard to say no, but ultimately, resisting temptation is the key to successful weight loss. Now research from leading psychologists has identified the parts of the brain involved in resisting temptation, and how we can use them to stop reaching for chocolate cake. Leading the charge is Professor Walter Mischel, the psychologist who, in the 1960s, developed the “marshmallow test”, which demonstrated that if children were able to delay gratification, they would be more successful in later life. Mischel’s research has shown that to resist temptation, we have to shift activity away from the “hot” parts of our brain to the “cool” parts. The mind brain has two systems: one is cool, slow and deliberate, and allows for self-control, goal-setting and willpower—the ‘no’ system, if you like. The other is hot, emotional and instinctual, and present from birth—the ‘go’ system. So when you see a chocolate cake, the “hot” part of your brain reacts to thoughts of the delicious taste, and the sugar rush that you have learnt a slice will give you. Instead of giving in, what you need to do is to activate the “cool” part of your brain by thinking about your goals and practicing farsightedness. Imagine the sense of satisfaction you’d get, from fitting into your favourite dress in a couple of weeks’ time, say, or from losing your unsightly tummy bulge before you go sunbathing this summer. It’s a simple strategy, but experiments have shown it is highly effective. Perception is also important. Feasting your eyes on desirable food activates the hot system in the brain, which explains what we know instinctively: putting biscuits out of sight in a cupboard will mean you eat fewer of them. “The problem with diets is they are also full of pictures of delicious diet food, and all of this is just priming the hot system,” Mischel says. Stress is another key issue. It has been shown to switch on the hot part of the brain and cause us to overeat. The first thing to do is to be aware of how stress changes your behavior. Then develop an action plan to deal with it. This might involve taking healthy snacks to work or finding ways to cope better with your time and emotions. Brain scans have also shown that memory plays a significant role in overeating. If you habitually eat chocolate, for instance, then every time you see it, you remember the high. So the research is clear: if you want to be slim, fit and healthy, it’s time to take control of your mind.

16． It can be inferred from Paragraph 1 that______. A．it’s impossible for people to lose weight B．one on a diet shouldn’t drink wine

C．one will surely lose weight by resisting temptation

D．eating late at night isn’t helpful for dieting

正确答案：D

解析：属信息推断题。选项A曲解文意，文章第一句说节食注定要失败，但并不是说人不可能减轻体重，故错误。选项B犯了移花接木的错误，是将人们难以抵抗诱惑的几样食物中的红酒与其他成分拼凑而成的，故错误。选项C犯了夸大其词的错误，文中只是说抵抗诱惑是减肥成功的关键，而并非抵抗诱惑就一定可以减肥成功，故错误。文章第二句讲到人们不遵守减肥规则，而第三句开头就提到了晚上6点以后不吃碳水化合物，由此可见这一条就是减肥规则之一，故可判断选项D正确。 知识模块：阅读

17． To resist temptation, one has to______. A．go see one of the leading psychologists

B．know how the brain functions towards temptation C．think with the no system rather than the go one D．trust their instinct and emotion

正确答案：C

解析：属事实细节题。选项A属于移花接木，用到了文中提到的“权威心理学家”，但纯属拼凑而成，故错误。心理学家的研究确实让人们知道了在面对诱惑时大脑是如何运转的，但这不是减肥者必须了解的，而如何根据这个原理去实施减肥计划才是想要成功减肥的人所必须要做的，故选项B错误，选项C符合题意。根据文章大意，本能和感性会增进饮食，故选项D错误。 知识模块：阅读

18． The author writes Paragraph 3 in order to______. A．prove the ineffectiveness of the theory of Walter Mischel

B．further demonstrate how the brain functions when facing temptation C．state the importance for people to go on a diet

D．manifest the harm food like chocolate cakes will do to people’s health

正确答案：B

解析：属信息推断题。第三段第一个单词“so”表明第三段所讲内容与第二段内容相关，仔细阅读后发现，第三段实为通过一个实例对第二段讲到的大脑在面对诱惑时的运转方式进行详细阐述，故选项B符合题意。选项A与原意相反，第三段最后一句讲到这个方式还是非常有效的，故错误。选项C属于无中生有，文中并未提及减肥的重要性，故错误。选项D同样属于无中生有，文中根本未提到巧克力蛋糕的危害，只是以其为例对实际观点进行阐释，故错误。 知识模块：阅读

19． According to the passage, which of the following statements about “stress” is most probably right?

A．Stress isn’t a critical factor which affects the result of dieting.

B．To deal with stress, one has to know the changes of his/her behavior.

C．When facing stress, people tends to have no appetite.

D．One shouldn’t eat anything at all during work when stressed.

正确答案：B

解析：属信息推断题。通过题目中的“stress”可定位至第五段。选项A犯了曲解文意的错误，第五段第一句就指出压力也是一个(减肥成功与否的)重要因素，故选项A错误。文章提到应对压力的第一步就是要意识到你的生活因为压力发生了哪些变化，故选项B正确。选项C与原文恰好相反，第五段第二句作者指出人在压力大的时候比较容易多吃，而非食欲不振，故错误。选项D犯了夸大其词的错误，文章提到人们可以在工作时候吃一些健康的零食以缓解压力，而不是什么都不能吃，故错误。 知识模块：阅读

20． Which of the following is the best title of the text? A．How to have a successful diet B．How to resist temptation C．Factors affecting dieting D．Rules to follow for dieting

正确答案：A

解析：属主旨思想题。文章首先指出抵抗诱惑是减肥成功与否的关键，接下来解释了大脑抵抗诱惑的原理，并举例说明如何抵抗诱惑，最后陈述了其他几个影响减肥成功的因素以及怎样克服它们，因此不难推出本文主要就是在告诉人们如何成功减肥，故选项A正确。选项B和C均为文章部分内容的概括，选项D则根本没有提到，故均错误。 知识模块：阅读