会计学-企业决策的基础 答案

Chapter 16 P757 16.5A

a。 (1） (2) Direct materials purchased Direct materials used： Materials inventory, beginning of year Add： Purchases of direct materials Cost of direct materials available for use Less： Materials inventory， end of year Cost of direct materials used ＄ 410,000 $ 22，000 410，000 $ 432,000 26,000 ＄ 406，000 ＄ 1,000 (3） Payments of direct labor payrolls （4） Direct labor cost assigned to production ＄ 192,000 (5） （6) Total manufacturing costs: Direct materials used ［part a （2）] Direct labor cost Manufacturing overhead Total manufacturing costs $ 406，000 192,000 393,600 $ 991,600 Cost of finished goods manufactured: Work in process inventory， beginning of year ＄ 5,000 Add: Total manufacturing costs ［part a (5)] Cost of all goods in process during the year Less: Work in process inventory， end of year 991，600 $ 996，600 9，000 Cost of finished goods manufactured $ 987，600 （7） Cost of goods sold： Beginning inventory of finished goods Add： Cost of finished goods manufactured [part a (6)］ Cost of goods available for sale Less： Ending inventory of finished goods Cost of goods sold Total inventory： Materials inventory Work in process inventory Finished goods inventory Total inventory ＄ 38,000 (8） 987，600 $ 1，025,600 25，000 $ 1，000,600 $ 26，000 9,000 25,000 ＄ 60，000 b. Work in process inventory， beginning of year Add: Manufacturing costs assigned to production: HILLSDALE MANUFACTURING CORP. Schedule of the Cost of Finished Goods Manufactured For the Year Ended December 31, 20__ Direct materials $ 5，000 ＄ 406， 192，000 393,600 used ［part a (2)］ 000 Direct labor Manufacturing overhead Total manufacturing costs 991,600 $ 996,600 9，000 ＄ 987，600 Cost of all goods in process during the year Less： Work in process， end of year Cost of finished goods manufactured

Chapter 16 P761 16。4B

a. b。 Purchases of direct materials Cost of direct materials used： $ 360,000 Materials inventory, beginning of year Add： Purchases of direct materials Cost of materials available for use Less: Materials inventory， end of year Cost of direct materials used $ 18,000 360,000 ＄ 378,000 14，000 ＄ 3，000 $ 225,000 $ 230，000 ＄ 400,000 c。 Direct labor payrolls paid during the year d. Direct labor costs assigned to production e。 Overhead costs during the year f. Units in the activity base (direct labor costs) Overhead stated as a percentage of direct labor costs ($400，000 ÷ $230，000) Direct materials used (part b) Direct labor costs assigned to production Manufacturing overhead applied to production Total manufacturing costs charged to work in process g。 Costs of finished goods manufactured: Work in process inventory， beginning of year Add： Total manufacturing costs (part f) 230，000 174％ ＄ 3,000 230，000 400,000 ＄ 994，000 ＄ 20，000 994,000 Cost of all goods in process during the ＄ 1，014,000 year Less： Cost of work in process inventory, end of year Cost of finished goods manufactured h。 Cost of goods sold: Beginning inventory of finished goods Add： Cost of finished goods manufactured （part g) Cost of goods available for sale Less： Ending inventory of finished goods Cost of goods sold 25,000 ＄ 9，000 ＄ 98,000 9，000 $ 1，087,000 110，000 ＄ 977,000 ＄ 14,000 25,000 110，000 Total i。 Total inventory at year-end: Work in process inventory Finished goods inventory Materials inventory inventory ＄ 149，000

Chapter 17 P802 17.3A

a.

b。 Direct materials Direct labor Manufacturing overhead: Department One overhead application rate based on machine-hours:

Manufacturing Overhead Machine—Hours

= ＄420,000 =

12,000

＄35 per machine-hour

Department Two overhead application rate based on direct labor hours： Manufacturing Overhead

Direct Labor Hours

Job no。 58:

= ＄337,500 =

15，000

Dept. One $22.50 per direct labor hour Total Dept. Two $ ＄ $ 17，700 7，600 27，600 11,100 10，100 16，500 750 machine-hours × ＄35 per hour 740 direct labor hours × ＄22。50 per hour 26,250 26,250 16,650 ＄ 88,200 16,650 Total cost of job no. 58 c。 Cost of Goods Sold Finished General Journal 88,200 Goods Inventory 88,200 To record cost of goods sold (job no. 58） to City Furniture。 d. Accounts Receivable （City Furniture） Sales 147,000 147,000 Dept。 Two To record revenue from sale to City Furniture. Actual manufacturing overhead for January Manufacturing overhead applied to jobs： 1,100 machine—hours × ＄35 per hour 1，200 direct labor hours × $22.50 per hour Dept. One $ 39，010 ＄

26,540 38，500 $ 510

27,000 Underapplied manufacturing overhead—Dept. One Overapplied manufacturing overhead—Dept。 Two

＄ 460

Chapter 17 P805 17。8A

＄ 24，a. Budgeted manufacturing overhead Budgeted direct labor hours （DLH) Manufacturing overhead application rate Manufacturing overhead allocated using DLH 50,000 bags × 0.01 DLH per bag × $9.84 per DLH Basic Chunks $ 4，84 600 ÷ 2，500 ＄ 9。per DLH Custom Cuts

920 20，000 cases × 0.10 DLH per case × $9.84 per DLH Percent of cost driver assigned to each product b。 line Kilowatt hours: Basic Chunks （90,000 KWH ÷ 100，000 KWH） Custom Cuts （10,000 KWH ÷ 100，000 KWH） Machine hours： Basic Chunks (160 MH ÷ 200 NH) Custom Cuts (40 MH ÷ 200 MH） Square feet occupied: Basic Chunks （60，000 Sq。 Ft。 ÷ 80，000 Sq。 Ft.) Custom Cuts （20，000 Sq。 Ft. ÷ 80，000 Sq. Ft。） Direct labor hours: Basic Chunks （500 DLH ÷ 2，500 DLH） Custom Cuts （2，000 DLH ÷ 2,500 DLH） Manufacturing overhead allocated using ABC Utilities cost pool （using KWH as a cost driver)： $ 7， Basic Chunks （90% × $8，000） Custom Cuts (10％ × ＄8，000) 200 Basic Chunks （80％ × $1,000) Custom Cuts （20% × ＄1,000) Depreciation cost pool (using Sq. Ft. as a cost driver）: Basic Chunks (75% × ＄15，000) Custom Cuts (25% × ＄15,000) Miscellaneous cost pool （using DLH as a cost driver）: $ 11，250 $ 3,750 $ 800 ＄ 200 $ 800 Basic Chunks 20% Custom Cuts 25% 80%

75％

Basic Chunks 90％ 80％ Custom Cuts 10% 20%

＄ 19,680 Maintenance cost pool (using MH as a cost driver): Basic Chunks (20% × ＄600) Custom Cuts (80％ × ＄600） Total overhead allocated to each product line using ABC $ 19,370 $ 5，230 $ 120 ＄ 480 Total manufacturing costs allocated to each product c. line Direct Labor： Basic Chunks (50，000 bags × $12 per DLH × 0.01 DLH） Custom Cuts (20，000 cases × $12 per DLH × 0。 10 DLH) Direct Materials: $ 100， Basic Chunks (50,000 bags × $2 per bag) Custom Cuts (20,000 cases × ＄4 per case) Manufacturing Overhead （allocate using ABC）: Basic Chunks (from part b) Custom Cuts （from part b) Total cost allocated using ABC $ 19,370 $ 5,230 $ 109，

000 ＄ 80， 000

$ 6，000 $ 24,000

Basic Chunks Custom Cuts

＄ 125,370 230 d. The Custom Cuts product line is very labor intensive in comparison to the Basic Chunks

product line. Thus, the company’s current practice of using direct labor hours to

allocate overhead results in the assignment of a disproportionate amount of total overhead to the Custom Cuts product line。 If pricing decisions are set as a fixed percentage above the manufacturing costs assigned to each product, the Custom Cuts product line is

overpriced in the marketplace whereas the Basic Chunks product line is currently priced at an artificially low price in the marketplace。 This probably explains why sales of Basic Chunks remain strong while sales of Custom Cuts are on the decline.

e. The benefits the company would achieve by implementing an activity—based costing

system include: （1） a better identification of its operating inefficiencies, (2） a better understanding of its overhead cost structure, （3） a better understanding of the resource requirements of each product line, (4) the potential to increase the selling price of Basic Chunks to make it more comparable to competitive brands and possibly do so without having to sacrifice significant market share， and (5） the ability to decrease the selling price of Custom Cuts without having to sacrifice product quality.

Chapter 18 P835 18.1

B. Ex. 18。1

a。 job costing (each project of a construction company is unique）

b。 both job and process costing (institutional clients may represent

unique jobs）

c. job costing (each set of equipment is uniquely designed and

manufactured)

d. process costing （the dog houses are uniformly manufactured in

high volumes）

e. process costing （the vitamins and supplements are uniformly

manufactured in high volumes）

Chapter 18 P841 18。3A

Part I。 Physical Flow Inputs： •Beginning WIP •Started Dishwashers to account for Outputs： •Units completed •Ending WIP Dishwashers accounted for Total Units —0- 4,000 4,000 4,000 —0— 4，000 Direct Materials Conversion Costs Part II. Equivalent Units Based on monthly input： •Beginning WIP •Units started Equivalent units of input Based on monthly output： •Units completed •Ending WIP Equivalent units of output Part III. Cost Per Equivalent Total Unit Cost Unit —0— 4,000 4,000 4,000 -0— 4，000 Direct Materials -0- 4,000 4，000 4,000 —0— 4,000 Conversion Costs Costs from Tub Department Costs from Motor Department TOTAL Divide by equivalent units Costs per equivalent unit Part IV。 Total Cost Assignment Costs to account for: •Cost of beginning WIP •Cost added during the period Total cost to account for Costs accounted for： •Cost of goods transferred Beginning WIP last period Beginning WIP this period Started and completed Total cost transferred •Add ending WIP Total cost accounted for a ＄75。00 Total Costs ＄ —0- 300,000 ＄300，000 ＄ -0- ＄150,000 96，000 ＄246,000 ÷ 4,000 $ 61.5 Direct Materials $30,000 24,000 $54，000 ÷ 4,000 ＄ 13。50 Conversion Costs ＄ —0— ＄ -0— -0- —0— —0- 300,000 246,000a 54，000b $300,000 $246，000 $54,000 -0- —0- -0— ＄300,000 $246,000 $54，000

4，000 EU ＠ $61.50 =

＄246,000 b

4，000 EU @ $13.50 =

$54,000

Chapter 18 P845 18。2B

a. （1） $49 [（$192，000 + $48，000 + $54，000) ÷ 6，000 units］

(2） (3） (4） (5)

$109 [($480，000 + $108,000 + ＄66，000) ÷6，000 units] ＄158 (＄49 + $109）

＄32 ($192，000 ÷ 6，000 units） $18 (＄108,000 ÷ 6,000 units）

b. In evaluating the overall efficiency of the Engine Department， management would look

at the monthly per—unit cost incurred by that department， which is the cost of assembling and installing an engine （＄109 in part a）.

Chapter 20 P918 20。1A

Required a. contribution margin per unit Budgeted operating Income Fixed costs Total required contribution margin sold Required contribution margin per unit ($800,000 ÷ ＄50,000 units)

＄ 260,000 540,000 ＄ 800，000 50,000 Number of units to be produced and $ 16

Required sales price per unit： unit Required contribution margin per ＄ 16 Variable costs and expenses per unit Total required unit sales price 84 $ 100

b。 Break—Even Sales Volume （in = units) Fixed Costs Contribution Margin per Unit $540，000 ＄16 = 33，750 = units c。 Margin of safety at 50，000 units: Margin of safety Sales volume at 50，000 units ($100 × 50,000 units) Less: Break-even sales volume ($100 × $33,750 units) Margin of safety ＄ 5，000,000 3,375，000 $ 1,625,000 $ 1，625，000 Operating Income at 50,000 units： Contribution margin ration （$100 - $84) ÷ ＄100 Operating Income (＄1，625,000 × .16） 。16 $ 260，000

d. No. With a unit sales price of $94, the break-even sales volume in units is 54,000 units:

Unit contribution margin = ＄94 — $84 variable costs = ＄10

Break—even sales volume (in units) =

$540，000 ＄10

= 54,000 units Unless Thermal Tent has the ability to manufacture 54,000 units (or lower fixed and/or variable costs), setting the unit sales price at $94 will not enable Thermal Tent to break even.

Chapter 20 P918 20.2A

a。 Sales price per unit: Budgeted cots Add： Budgeted operating income Budgeted sales revenue Sales price per unit （$3，150,000 ÷ 30,000 units) Total fixed costs: $ 2,250,000 900,000 ＄ 3,150,000 ＄ 105 b 。 (1) (2） （3） ＄ 540， Manufacturing overhead （＄720，000 × 75％） Selling and adminstrative expenses (＄600,000 × 80%) Total fixed costs Variable costs and expenses per unit： Direct materials Direct labor Manufacturing overhead (＄24 × 25%) Selling and administrative expense （$20 × 20％） Total variable costs per unit Unit contribution margin: Sales price per unit 000 480,000 ＄ 1,020,000 $ 21 10 6 4 ＄ 41 $ 121 (4） Less: Variable costs per unit ［from (2)］ Unit contribution margin Number of units required to break even： Fixed costs ［from （1)] Contribution margin per unit ［from (3）] ＄80） 41 $ 80 $ 1,020,000 $ 80 12,750 Number of units required to break even （＄1,020,000 ÷

Chapter 20 P920 20。6A

Variable costs per unit before 15% increase in the a。 cost of direct labor Increase in cost of direct labor， 15％ of $20 Variable costs and expenses per unit after 15％ increase in the cost of direct labor $ 60 3 ＄ 6 3

Because the contribution margin ratio of 40% is required， the variable costs of ＄63 per unit must equal 60％ of sales price after the wage increase. New sales price， ＄63 ÷ .60 $ 105 $ 5 100 Sales price before increase Required increase in sales price per unit Unit contribution b。 margin： Sales price per unit Less： Variable costs per unit following 15％ increase in direct labor cost （part a) ＄ 100 $ 3 7 63 Unit contribution margin Sales volume required to maintain current operating income：

Fixed Costs + Target Operating

Income Sales Volume 

Unit Contribution Margin

＄390,000 + $350,000

= ＄20,000 units 

$37

c。

Current Capacity (20，000 Units) ＄ 740,000 390,000 After Expansion （25，000 Units) 0 530,000* 0

Total contribution margin （＄37 per unit） Less： Fixed costs ＄ 925,00 Operating income at full capacity $ 350，＄ 395,00000 ＊＄390,000 + additional depreciation per year on new machinery, ＄140，000 （20% of ＄700，000).