非谓语动词

1. as the predicative （作表语）

1). The old songs are always ____________（令人兴奋）. 2). The problem remained _____________（令人困惑）. 3). The book is rather ____________（乏味）. 4). The report is very ____________（鼓舞人心）. 2. as the attributive （作定语）

1). This is an _____________（有趣的） book. . 2). China is a _____________（发展中的） country. 3). He is an ______________（随和的） teacher.

4). People running the factories are very concerned about the environment.

温馨提示：单个作定语时，v-ing常位于所修饰的名词前，短语作定语时，v-ing常位于所修饰的名词后，相当于一个定语从句。 练习：

1). The house standing at the corner of the street was built in 1995.

--- The house ________ ________ ____ ____ ________ ____ ____ _____ was built in 1995. 2). They think of greedy businessmen hiding from their responsibilities to the environment.

--- They think of greedy businessmen ______ ______ ______ ______ ____________ ____ ______ __________ .

3). I don’t know the girl who is talking to our headteacher. --- I don’t know the girl ________ ____ ____ __________ .

4). The factories which pour waste water into the river should be punished.

--- The factories ________ ________ ________ ________ ______ ______ should be punished. 5). The flowers ___________ (smell) sweet in the garden attracts a lot of bees.

6). The English exam is very difficult, even Tom __________ (belong) to the top students failed it. 7). There was a terrible noise _____________ (follow) the sudden burst of light. 8). --- Who would you like to see at the moment? --- The man __________ (call) himself Mr. Neson.

9). (2011山东，27) Look over there---there is a very long, winding path _____ up to the house. A. leading B. leads C. led D. to lead

10). (2011江西，32) On receiving a phone call from his wife ____ she had a fall, Mr. Gordon immediately rushed home from his office.

A. says B. said C. saying D. to say 3. as the object complement（作宾补） v-ing 常作下列动词的宾补

1）使役动词have/keep/leave…sb. doing sth.

2）感官动词see/hear/watch/notice… sb. doing sth. 3) caught sb doing _____________________ v-ing 作感官动词的宾补，表示_______________；作使役动词的宾补，表示_____________。 比较：1). I saw him clearing weeds in the garden.

2). The boss has him clearing weeds in the garden all the morning. see/sb. doing sth. 的被动式是：sb. be seen +_________. e.g. I saw him stealing in the supermarket.（变为被动式）

_____________________________________________________ .

练习：

1). When I got there, I found him ____________(repair) farm tools. 2). The workers had the machines _________ (run) all the time.

3). The missing child was last seen __________ (play) near the river. 4). Mrs Smith unknowingly left her purse____ on the shop counter. A. laying B. to lie C. laid D. lying

5). I smell something ____ in the kitchen. Can I call you back in a minute? A. burning B. burnt C. being burnt D. to be burnt 6). I couldn’t do my homework with all the noise ____ .

A. going on B. goes on C. went on D. to go on

7. (2012四川，8) I looked up and noticed a snake ____ its way up the tree to catch its breakfast. A. finding B. to find C. being found D. to have found

8. (2010上海，33) Lucy has a great sense of humour and always keeps her colleagues ____ with her stories. A. amused B. amusing C. to amuse D. to be amused

温馨提示：有些v-ing已经全形容词化了，且通常有对应的v-ed式形容词。如： exciting/excited surprising/surprised amusing/amused

boring/bored puzzling/puzzled encouraging/encouraged interesting/interested embarrassing/embarrassed disapointing/dispointed 等

1). The film has a ___________ end and we’ll feel _____________ at it. ( surprising/surprised ) 2).Don’t ask __________ questions, it will make people _________ .(embarrassing/embarrassed ) 3). It is so __________ a speech that we all feel ___________ . ( boring/bored )

4).From the ___________ look on his face, I know he was ____________ by what I said. (puzzling/puzzled)

5). Every evening after dinner, if not____ from work, I will spend some time walking my dog.(2009湖南) A. being tired B. tiring C. tired D. to be tired 4. as the adverbial

1). Seeing the pictures, she remembered her childhood. 2). Not knowing his address, I can’t send this book to him. 3). The factory keeps releasing smoke, making the air dirty. 4). Preparing fully, we can achieve great things. 5). The children ran out of the room, laughing and talking merrily. 6). Having been told many times, he still repeated the same mistake. 练习：请将上面的句子变成相对应的状语从句或并列句。

1). ______________________________ , she remembered her childhood. 2). ______________________________ , I can’t send this book to him.

3). The factory keeps releasing smoke _________________________________ . 4). _________________________ , we can achieve great things.

5). The children ran out of the room _____ they ___________________________________ . 6). _________________________________ , he still repeated the same mistake. 经典考例：

1.（2012全国,10）Tony lent me the money, ____ that I’d do as much for him. A. hoping B. to hope C. hoped D. having hoped

2. (2012江苏，31) ____ an important decision more on emotion than on reason, you will regret it

sooner or later. A. Based B. Basing C. Base D. To base

3. (2012天津，11) He got up late and hurried to his office, ____ the breakfast untouched. A. left B. to leave C. leaving D. having left

4. (2010上海，35) ____ the city centre, we saw a stone statue of about 10 metres in height. A. Approaching B. Approached C. To approach D. To be approach

5. (2010湖南，26) Dina, ____ for months to find a job as a waitress, finally took a position at a local abvertising agency.

A. struggling B. struggled C. having struggled D. to struggle 6.(2008浙江，10) ____ that he was in great danger, Eric walked deeper into the forest.

A. Not realized B. Not to realize C. Not realizing D. Not to have realized 7. (2012辽宁，25) The old couple often take a walk after supper in the park with their pet dog ____ them. A. to follow B. following C. followed D. follows 8. ____ from his accent, he is from the south.

A. Judged B. To judge C. Judge D. Judging 温馨提示：

v-ing在句中亦可作成分（插入语），其形式的选择不受上下文的影响，如： generally speaking __________________ frankly speaking _____________________ judging from/by ____________________ considering/seeing ___________________ supposing _____________ providing ___________ taking … into consideration ____________________

1). Generally ______________ (speak), the more expensive the camera, the better its quality. 2). _____________ (consider) your health, you had better have a rest.

3). ____________ (take) everything into consideration, she is an brilliant girl. 4). _____________ (suppose) he can’t come on time, what should we do ?

V-ing时态、语态及否定式 一般式 完成式 主动形式 doing 否定式 not doing 被动形式 being done 1). We often provide our children with toys, footballs or basketballs, ____ that all children like these things. A. thinking B. think C. to think D. thought

2). ____ in the queue for almost two hours, he suddenly realized he had left the ticket in the offices. A. Waiting B. Having waited C. Wait D. Having been waited 3). ____ the programme, they have to stay there for another two weeks. A. Not completing B. Not completed

C. Not having completed D. Having not completed

4). Don’t sit there ____ nothing. Come and help me with this table. A. do B. to do C. doing D. and doing

5).(2012重庆，23) ____ to work overtime that evening, I missed a wonderful film. A. Having been asked B. To ask C. Having asked D. To be asked 6). The building ____ at the moment is for the old.

A. built B. to be built C. to build D. being built 7). Though ____ money, his parents managed to send him to university. A. lacked B. lacking of C. lacking D. lacked in （综合练习见学海导航）

Read the passage .Write NO MORE THAN THREE WORDS for each answer

In simple words, hibernation is a state of deep sleep. Hibernation differs from normal sleep in various ways. Hibernating animals take a long time to wake up from their sleep. Turning or kicking their bodies does not seem to wake them up. Even after waking up from hibernation, these animals take some time to restart their normal activities. During hibernation, the heart rate slows down and some of the non-vital organs become entirely inactive. This is a state in which the body uses very little energy.

Winter is the time when food is less and weather rough. Animals have to spend a lot of energy finding food. Even if they succeed in finding anything, it is often not enough to make up for the loss of energy. Besides, the cold weather may often become a cause of death. As a result of all these, animals have to reduce their food demand by reducing energy requirements. This is achieved by hibernating throughout the winter.

Before the onset of winter, when there is plenty of food, animals eat overmuch and store much of the food in the form of fat. As winter arrives, they return to their home where they spend the rest of winter hibernating. As animals hibernate, their body temperature starts dropping due to lack of activity and metabolism(新陈代谢). At one point, it is only a few degrees higher than the surrounding temperature. Whatever energy the body needs to perform certain tasks is got from the fat storage. Due to lack of activity, the fat burning process is slow and steady. The energy from fat is enough to keep the animal alive for the rest of the winter.

Hibernation differs for every species. For example, some animals like black bears may sleep throughout the winter without waking up while animals like squirrels may wake up every 4 days to eat some food, pass waste matter from the body, and then go back to sleep. Hibernation in domestic(家养的) animals may differ from that in the wild ones. As there is no food shortage for domestic animals, domestic animals hibernate as a result of their natural instinct(本能) but with more active periods in between. 72. __________ A state of deep sleep * Taking a long time to wake up; Differences from * Taking some time to 74. _________; normal sleep * Using very little energy. * 75. __________ finding food due to 73. __________ for less food hibernating * Being likely to 76. __________ because 71. of rough weather. ___________ Features of hibernation * Body temperature dropping for lack of 77. __________; * Getting 78. _______ from the fat storage; * Burning fat 79 . __________. Hibernating habits of different species * Black bears: sleeping throughout the winter without waking up; * Squirrels: waking up every 4 days for basic daily needs; * 80. ______: having more active periods