Origin 起源:
Christia nity 教 bible 圣经 Myth 神话 The Roma nee of king Arthur and his kni ghts 亚瑟
王和他的骑士
、The Anglo-Saxon period (449-1066)盎格鲁 ------ 撒克逊时期
Pagan（异教徒卜Christian（徒）
Two elements which shaped Old English poetry: a. Anglo-Saxon invasion : Germanic myth and legend
b. English conversion to the Christianity stories of the Bible and Saints
1这个时期的文学作品分类:
2、代表作： The Song of Beowulf《贝奥武甫》
（national epic民族史诗）采用了隐喻手法
3、Alliteration押头韵（写作手法）
例子： of man was the mildest and most beloved,
A good example：《贝奥武甫》
To his kin the kin dest, kee nest for p raise.
Characteristic feature of Old English poetry : a. b.
Written in a Ianguage of strong stress and many consonants, with frequent use of compounds-p icture n ames ； Lacks both meter and rhyme and depends on alliterati on and acce nt.
、The Anglo-Norman period (1066-1350)盎格鲁——诺曼时期
canto诗章
1、romanee 传奇文学 ------ a new literature brought in by the Norman Conquest
the themes of it: love and adventure
the form of it : a new metrical system with even lines, exact meter and melodious thymes 2、代表作：Sir Gawain and the Green Knight《高文爵和绿衣骑士
是一首押头韵的长诗，它
是King Arthur and his Knights of the Round Table《亚瑟王和他的圆桌骑士》中最有名的
三、Geoffrey Chaucer (1340-1400)杰弗里•乔叟 时代
His great achieveme nt:
1、the father of English poetry 英国诗歌之父
a. Art of n arrati on b. Brillia nt characterizatio c. Humor and satire d. Formal inno vati on
2、heroic couplet 英雄双韵体： a verse unit consisting of two rhymed(押韵)lines in iambic pentameter（五步
抑扬格）
3、代表作：The Canterbury Tales《坎特伯雷故事集》
（heroic couplet） ---- 英国文学史的开端
① 大致内容： The p ilgrims are people from various parts of En gla nd, rep rese ntatives of various walks of life
and social groups.
（朝圣者都是来自英国的各地的人，代表着社会的各个不同阶层和社会团体。
）
②小说特点： Each of the n arrators tells his tale in a p eculiar manner, thus reveali ng his own views and
character.
（这些叙述者以自己特色的方式讲述自己的故事，
无形中表明了各自的观点， 展示了各自的性格。） ③小
说观点： He believes in the right of man to earthly happiness. He is anxious to see man freed from superstitions(迷信)and a blind belief in fate(盲目地相信命运 ).
（他希望人们能从迷信和对命运的盲从中解脱出来。
4、Popular Ballads 大众民谣 :a story hold in 4-1 ine stanzas with second and fourth line rhymed Ballads are anonym ous n arrative songs that have bee n p reserved by oral tran smissi on. （歌谣是匿名叙事歌曲，一直以口头传播的方式保存下来。
代表人物：Bishop Thomas Percy托马斯.帕希主教
代表作：Robin Hood and Allin-a-Dale《罗宾汉和阿林代尔》
四、The Renaissance （16世纪）文艺复兴时期
(Greek and Roman) 戏剧 drama、诗章 canto
(1500-1600) Golden Age of Drama
The term Ren aissa nee origi nally in dicated a revival of classical (Greek and Roma n) arts and scie nces. （文艺复兴最初是指经典艺术和科学在英国的复兴。
The epoch of Ren aissa nee wit nessed a p articular deve lopment of En glish drama. （文艺复兴时期的英国戏剧也得到了迅速的发展。
1、key work: humanism 人文主义(admire human beauty and human achievement) 2、代表人物: 1)、Thomas More 2)、Francis Bacon
托马斯.莫尔 Utopia《乌托邦》 弗朗西斯•培根
第一个散文家（essayist）
3)、Thomas Wyatt
托马斯•怀亚特 引入十四行诗的第一人 Italian sonnet
4）、Edmund Spenser埃德蒙-斯宾塞，poet ‘ s pc诗人中的诗人，The Fairy Queen《仙后》
（epic
poem 史诗） his poetic innovation : the Spenserian 斯宾塞风格的 sonnet、the Spenserian stanza诗
5）、Earl of Surrey 萨里 initiated blank verse. 6）、Christopher Marlowe 克里斯托弗•马洛
con tributed to the dramatic Ian guage and characterizati on
made blank verse the principle vehicle of expression in drama （ 使无韵体诗成为重要的戏剧表现手
bla nk verse（无韵体：不押韵的五步抑扬格 ）是十六世纪英国戏剧的主要表现形式。 7）、William Shakespeare威廉姆•莎士比亚 drama （一生共39个戏剧作品）
①great tragedies四大悲剧：Hamlet《哈姆雷特》、Othello《奥赛罗》、King Lear《李尔王》、
The Tragedy of Macbeth《麦克白
② historical p
lays
③romantic comedies : A Midsummer Night' Dream《仲夏夜之梦》、The Merchant of Venice《威 尼斯商
人》
④tragic-comedies : The Tempest《暴风雨》 ⑤poems： Venus and Adonis（1592）
Lucrece（1592-1593） Sonnets（1593-1598）
8）、Ben Johnson contributed to the English comedies.
五、the period of Revolution and Restoration （1世纪）资产阶级与王权复辟
P rose散文
1、文学特点：the Puritans（清教徒）believed in simplicity of life 、 disa pproved of the sonn ets and the
love poetry、breaking up of old ideals.
（清教徒崇尚俭朴的生活、拒绝十四行诗和爱情诗、与旧思想脱
离。
2、代表人物:
1）、Joh n Donne 约翰•多恩 meta physical p oets （玄学派诗人） 的代表人物
sonnet 十四行诗： Death be not proud
作品特点： ① strike the reader in Donne ' s extraordinary frankness and penetrating reais诚的 态度和现实描绘）
② ③
novelty of subject matter and point（新颖的题材和视角 ） novelty of its form.（新颖的形式）
2）、Joh n Milt on 约翰•弥尔顿 a great poet 诗人（the revival of bla nk verse）
Defense for the English Peop le《为英国人辩护》
Paradise Lost《失乐园》 Paradise Regained《复乐园》
a poetical drama: Samson Agoniste《力士参孙》
His grand style dis pl ayed in : a.
the choice of the blank verse as the p oetic form for his master pi ece b. c. d.
rich classic reference 典故 use of various rhetorical devices choice of sonorous words
“ Satan is not a villain撒旦不是坏人
3）、John Bunyan 约翰•班扬 a great prose writer most important work : Pilgrim ' s Progres天路历程》
“ give us the only great 寓言go”（
prose 散文
该书采用的写作手法 “written in the old-fashioned（旧体形式）,medieval form of allegory（ 比喻）and
dream\"
六、The Age of Enlightenment （18世纪）启蒙运动
p rose散文 1、Emp hasized formality or correct ness of style, to write p rose like Addis on, or verse like Pope.
强调正确的格式和写作规范，像艾迪生一样创作散文，和蒲柏一样创作诗歌。
The En lighte nment was an exp ressi on of struggle of the the n p rogressive class of bourgeoisie aga inst feudalism. （启蒙运动实际上是当时先进的资产阶级同落后的封建主义斗争的一种形式。
The enlighteners repudiate the false religious doctrines about the viciousness of human nature, and p rove that man is born kind and hon est, and if he becomes dep raved, it is only due to the in flue nee of corr up ted social environment.
（启蒙主义者了宗教所宣扬的人类本恶的观点；论证了人生诚实而友善，而腐化堕落则是后
天的社会环境所致。）
Con trary to all reas oning, social injustice still held stro ng, found the po wer of reas on to be in sufficie nt, and therefore app ealed to sen time nt as a means of achievi ng happin ess and social justice.
（无论怎样讲究理性，社会不平等现象仍然普遍存在，理性的力量明显不足。因此呼吁把情感的
诉求作为一种谋求幸福和社会公平的手段。
2、18th century文学的三个方面:
Classicism（古典主义）、revival of roma ntic po etry（ 新兴的浪漫主义诗歌 ）、beg innings of the moder n
novel（刚启萌的现代派小说） 3、代表人物:
1）、Daniel Defoe 丹尼尔•笛福 realistic novel现实主义小说 Novel : Robinson Crusoe《鲁宾逊漂流记》（1917）、a adventure story
Jonathan Wild《乔纳森•威尔德》、Moll Flanders《摩尔•弗兰德斯》
2）、Henry Fielding 亨利•菲尔丁 father of modern fiction（现代小说之父） Jose ph Andrews «约瑟夫•安德鲁斯》，受到了理查森的《帕美勒》的启发
作家之间的不同： Richards on ------ no humor, minces words, moralizes.不幽默，咬文嚼字，说教
Fieldi ng
direct, vigorous, hilarious, and coarse to the point of vulgarity , full of animal spirits,
，精神焕发，讲述流浪
tells the story of a vagabond life语言直接、生动、欢快、粗糙，甚至有点俗
者的故事。
The History of Tom Jones, a foundling《弃婴汤姆•琼斯的故事》 3）、Jonathan Swift乔纳森•斯威夫特
Gulliver 'ravels《格列佛游记》（四国：Lilli put小人国、Brobdi ngnag大人国、Lap uta飞岛、 Houyhnhnms慧骃国）反讽小说
the best no vel of him
作品特点： no visible sig n of an ger, nor rais ing the voice; the tone is cold, restra in ed, ir on ic, varied
only by some flashes of fooli ng whe n Swift
' s sense of the ridiculour gets the better of him.
努不动颜，骂不扬声，语调冷酷，锋芒暗藏，讽刺辛辣，仅在讽喻之情难以抑制时才偶露揶揄 之态。
A Modest Prop osal《一个温和的建议》
write Journal to Stella to Esther Joh nson, a beautiful young woma n , who had loved Swift ever since the two had met in Temple ' household 4）、Samuel Richards on 塞缪尔•理查森
Pamela《帕美勒》 the method of psychological analysis 心理分析的方法 in the form of letters 书信体小说
5）、Richard B. Sheridan 理查德-B •谢尔丹 The School for Scandal《造谣学校》
喜剧 comedy
散文作家 essayist 小说novel
rollick ing comedy
6）、Oliver Goldsmith 奥利佛•哥尔德斯密斯 The Vicar of Wakefield《威克菲尔德的牧师》 She Stoo ps to Conquer
委曲求全》 欢乐喜剧
4、Sen time ntalism 《荒村》感伤主义 no belief诗歌没有信仰 The Deserted Village poems
The rep rese ntatives of sen time ntalism continued to struggle aga inst feudalism but they vaguely sen sed at the same time the con tradict ions of bourgeois p rogress that brought with it en slaveme nt and ruin to the people.
（感伤主义的代表人物在继续反对封建主义的同时又模糊的感觉到资本主义进程中出现的种种
矛盾，感觉到资本主义制度对人性的奴役和破坏。 代表人物：Thomas Gray托马斯•格雷
Elegy, Written in a Country Churchyard《墓园挽歌》（1750） “the best known poem in the English Ian guage”
the most outsta nding figure of En glish sen time ntalism : Lauren Stere n劳伦斯•斯蒂恩 Triatram Shandy《项秋传》
七、the Romantic Period （仃98-1832）浪漫主义
Emphasis on freedom of individual
self-ex pression :sincerity ,spo ntaneity.
originality
散文 prose
1、前浪漫主义代表人物：
The Songs of Innocence《天真之歌》
William Blake 威廉-布莱克 po^?^^ The Songs of Experience《经验之歌》
Robert Burns罗伯特•彭斯 苏格兰诗人 poet
Pre-Roma nticism was greatly in flue need by the In dustrial Revoluti on and the French Revoluti on
前浪漫主义极大地影响了工业和法国大。
Pre-Romantic poets and the revival of the popular verse forms : a. b. c. In terested in n ature Rejectio n of reas on in favor of feeli ng A ren ewed in terest in medieval literature d. En thusiasm for no velty and spontan eity in po etry 2、教育意义：liberty, equality and fraternity 自由，平等，博爱 3、开始的标志： begi nning with the publication of William Wordsworth Lyrical Balladss
从威廉•华兹华斯发表的《抒情民谣》开始
4、lake poets（湖畔诗人）：Coleridge、Southey、
Wordsworth
代表人物:
1）、William Wordsworth 威廉•华兹华斯 The Prelude《序曲》
poet-laureate （桂冠诗人）
自传性诗歌 autobiographical poetry
With S.T.C oleridge, they join tly p ublished the “ LyriCal SOllCOteridge”一起，联合发表了
抒情民谣”
作品特点： simp licity and p urity of the Ian guage, fight ing aga inst the conven ti onal forms of the 18th
century poetry
简单而纯洁的语言，反传统形式的 18世纪诗歌
2）、Lord Byron 拜伦
Childe Harold Pilgrimage《恰尔德 哈罗德游记》
cantos诗章
成名作：Don Juan《唐璜》 poem 诗 satiric masterpiece讽刺的杰作
Hours of Idleness《闲散时刻》 poem 诗 the first volume of poem 首卷诗 3）、Percy Bysshe Shelley 雪莱
Prometheus Unbound《的普罗米修斯》 Ode to the West Wind《西风颂》 poem 诗 To a Sky Lark best known of his lyrics 4）、John Keats 济慈 poet 诗人 The Eve of St. Agnes《圣阿格良斯之夜》 On a Greeian Urn《希腊古瓮颂》 To a Nightingale《致夜莺》 Hyp erion heroic fragme nt 5）、Walter Scott沃特•斯科特
He is the creator and a great master of the historical novel.（他是创造者和历史小说大师。 He is also the first En glish no velist to p rese nt characters as part of a society. Invanhoe 《艾凡赫》 his most popu lar novel
Old Mortality 《清教徒》（1816） Henry Mortan -------------- the hero of the novel Rob Roy《罗布•罗依》（1817） about a hero The Heart of Midlothian《爱登堡监狱》（1818） 6）、Jane Austen简•奥斯丁 （一生完成6部小说）
Pride and Prejudice《傲慢与偏见》、Sense and Sensibility《理智与情感》、Emma《爱玛》
poem
p oem
poem
drama戏剧
“ Beauty is truth, truth beauty 美学原则 ”
）
No Thanger Abbey、Persuasion Mans Field Park
写作特点：the love-mak ing of her young peop le, though serious and symp athetic, is subdued by
humor to the ordinary plane of emoti on on which most of us live. She was the foun der of the novel which deals with unimp orta nt middleclass peo pie. 她是中产阶级小说的发起
人。
7）、Charles Lamb查尔斯•兰伯 essayist散文家
Dissertation on Roast Pig Dream Children extremes of Lamb ' humor and pathos
best known poem : The Old Familiar Faces
lyrical ballad : Hester
elegy 挽歌： On an Infant Dying as Soon as Born
6、十九世纪散文的特点： In the first of these two p eriods Addis on and Steele socialized the essay, so
to sp eak; they brought it i nto everyday life and made it familiar and delightful to the multitude.
在这
两个时期的开始，艾迪生和斯蒂尔的社会散文把散文带入日常生活 ，并使其熟悉和并令人愉 快。 Early in the nin etee nth cen tury it became more defi nitely a means of in timate self-ex pressi on. 在十九 世纪前期，散文变得对自我的表达越来越肯 定。
八、Critical Realism 批判现实主义 ，Victorian Period 维多利亚时期 humanism
（1832-佃人文主义
02）
1、意义： Chartism sig ni fied the first great p olitical moveme nt of the p roletariat i n En glish history. 在
英国的历史中，宪章运动是伟大的无产阶级政治运
动。
2、代表人物:
1）、Charles Dicke ns查尔斯•狄更斯
Hard Time s《艰难时刻》、Pickwick Papers《匹克威克外传》、Oliver Twist《雾都孤儿》、
David Copp erfield《大卫•科波菲尔》、Great Exp ection《远大前程》、A Tale of Two Cities《双城 （描述了法国大 ）特点：describ ing the misery and sufferi ngs of com mon people.描述苦 记 》 难和苦难的群众
Characteristic feature of his novel :① social concer（社会关怀 ）
② realistic representation（真实地再现生活） ③ dramatic effect
2）、Charlotte Bronte 夏洛特•勃郎特（女）
Shirley《雪利》、Jane Eyre《简-爱》、Emily Bronte艾米丽•勃郎特、
Wuthering Heights《呼啸山庄》（主人公： Mr. Heathcliff ） 特点：brought to the novel an
in tros pecti on and an intense concen trati on on the inner life of emotio n which before them had bee n the
province of po etry alone
3）、George Eliot乔治艾略特（女） Adam Bede《亚当•毕德》、The mill on the floss《弗落河上的磨坊》、Middlemarch《弥德尔 玛契》 Her preoccupation was always with the serious consideration of the moral position of the
in dividual in the uni verse, but her p sychological in sight into the devel opment of character. 她最认真考
虑的是个人的道德立场，但是她的心洞察了个性的发
展。
特点：The sig ni fica nee of G. Eliot ' s work lies in the p ortrayal of the p ett in ess and stag nancy of En glish
provincial life.（艾略特写作的意义在于琐碎的描绘和英国生活的停
滞。
3、桂冠诗人（poet-laureate）:
1)、Alfred Tennyson 丁尼生 In Memorian《追忆》 Break,break,break
2）、Robert Browning罗伯特•勃朗宁 The Ring and the Book (a great master of the dramatic
monologue戏剧式读白） My last duchess《已故的公爵夫人》 戏剧独白、dramatic lyrics戏剧抒情诗、
Jealousy(嫉妒)Stingy(小气) 贡献：Dramatic monologues dramatic romances 戏剧传奇
九、The transition from 19th to 20th century in English literature 19到 20 世纪英国 文学的过渡期 (1930 —)
1、Aestheticism 唯美主义 “ art for art '为艺术而艺术 2、代表人物
1）、Thomas Hardy托马斯•哈代
悲观主义者 Pessimists
Tess of the D ' Urberv《苔丝》、Jude the obscur《〈裘德》novel 特点：He expressed a kind of P essimism and stoicism and served as a link betwee n the Victoria n and the moder nist po ets.
(His career is thus divided shar ply betwee n his Victoria n no vels and his po st-Victoria n po etry.
他的生
涯就是他的小说和他的后维多利亚诗歌之间的尖锐分歧。
The Dynasts (an epic drama)
2)、Oscar Wilde王尔德 “ art for art '为艺术而艺术 drama： The Important of Being Earnest、The Ideal Husband 3)、George Bernard Shaw 剧作家(playwright) Heartbreak House、Pygmalion
Mrs. Warren ' s professton莱夫人的职业》、
4）、John Galsworthy Strife 5）、D. H. Lawrenee
Lady Chatterley ' s Lo查泰莱夫人的情人》、The Rainbow《彩虹》、Sons and lovers《儿子
与情人》
3、
“ stream of con scious nes意识流代表人物: 1）、Virginia Woolf
the po siti on of wome n.
2）、James Joyce
Mrs. Dalloway、A Room of One ' s Own Woolf was much concerned with
非常重视妇女的地位
Ulysses
Resp onsibilities The Tower
The Winding Stair
Modernist poets : 1、William Butler Yeats
A leader of the moder nist moveme nt. 2、T.S.Eliot The Waste Land
Four Quarters
The most in flue ntial poet and critic of the 20 typ ical of that of moder nist p oetry.
th
cen tury ; his po etic method is
①epic（史诗）:a long narrative poem about the legendary past of a nation with the praise of the
heroic deeds of one or more n ati onal heroes
② chivalry romance（骑士传奇故事 ）:a fictional story in verse or prose about the love and
adve nture of the kni ghts
③ heroic coupiets（双行连韵体 ）:a pair of rhymed iambic pentameter（ 五步抑扬格 ）lines , which
would become the dominate form of English poetry in ihe Neo-classic Period新古典主义时期）
④ blank verse（无韵体诗 /素诗）:unrhymed iambic pentameter
⑤ lyrical（抒情诗）:a fairly short poem expressing the personal mood, feeling or thought of a single
sp eaker who my sometimes be an inven ted character, not a p oet
⑥ sonnet（十四行诗）:a lyrical poet of 14 lines with regular rhythmic pattern and fixed scheme ⑦ ⑧ ⑨
quatrain（四行诗）:the first and the third lines containing four stressed and the second and the
forth lines containing three stressed
gothic novels（哥特式小说）:popular in 18th-century novels about romantic adventures in
mysterious or frightening settings, such as ancient castles or mansions
popular ballads（大众民谣）:a kind of narrative poem telling a simple story on the subject which
may range from a domestic tragedy to the reco un ti ng of the deeds of a local, or even n ati onal
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