现代语言学历年真题及答案_1月-10月_之欧阳语创编

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欧阳语创编

全国2011年1月自学考试现代语言学试题

时间：2021.03.01 创作：欧阳语课程代码：00830

I . Directions: Read each of the following statements carefully. Decide which one of the four choices best completes the statement and put the letter A, B, C, or

D in the brackets. (2% × 10=20% )

1.There is a difference between what we know, which is our linguistic competence, and howwe use this knowledge in actual speech production and______, which is our linguisticperformance. ( ) A. creation C. comprehension

B. communication D. perception

2.The sounds that begin and end the words church and judge are voiceless and voiced

______,respectively. ( ) A. affricates C. velars

B. stops D. palatals

3.Morphemes which represent such grammatical categories as number, tense, gender, and caseare called _______ morphemes. ( ) A. free

B. bound

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C. derivational D. inflectional

4.XP may contain more than just X. Phrases that are formed of more than one word usuallycontain head, ______and complement. ( ) A. modifier C. qualifier

B. determiner D. specifier

5. ______ is concerned with the inherent meaning of the linguistic form while _______ deals with the relationship between the linguistic element and non-linguistic world of experience. ( ) A. Reference, sense C. Sense, reference

B. Sense, referent D. Referent, sense

6. According to John Austin’s theory of speech act, a(n) ______ act is the act of expressing the speaker’s intention. ( ) A. prelocutionary C. illocutionary

B. locutionary D. perlocutionary

7. Sound changes may include the loss of a sound or sounds. The so-called apocope refers to the omission of a vowel segment________. ( ) A. in word-initial C. in word-final

B. in word-middle D. in syllable-initial

8. In contrast to Standard American English, Black English is the distinct variety of English native to black populations in the USA. We regard Black English as________. ( )

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A. a regional dialect C. a situational dialect

B. a social dialect D. an ethnic dialect

9. Among the language centers, ______is responsible for physical articulation of utterances. ( ) A. the motor area C. Wernicke’s area

B. Broca’s area D. the angular gyrus

10. The language at ________ stage begins to reflect the distinction between sentence-types, such as negative sentences, imperatives, and questions. ( ) A. prelinguistic C. two-word

B. one-word D. multiword

II. Directions: Fill in the blank in each of the following

statements with one word, the first letter of which is already given as a clue. Note that you are to fill in ONE word only, and you are not allowed to change the letter given. ( 1%×10=10% )

11. A is one of the defining properties of human language, which means there is in general no natural relation between meanings and sounds.

12. Among the three branches of phonetics, the study of the physical properties of the streams of sounds produced in speech is known as a phonetics. 13. In using the morphological rules, we must guard against o in that different words may require different affixes to create the same meaning change.

14. Universal Grammar is a set of principles and p

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of grammar which, according to Chomsky, is inherited genetically by all human beings.

15. The synonyms such as economical, thrifty, and

stingy are different in their e meaning.

16. Most of the violations of the four maxims under the Cooperative Principle give rise to conversational i .

17. When there is a need to reduce ambiguity and increase communicative clarity or expressiveness, then rule eoccurs.

18. A pidgin is a m language developed as a medium of trade, or through other extended but limited contact, between groups of speakers who have no other language in common.

19. The localization of cognitive and perceptual functions in a particular hemisphere of the brain is called 1.

20. Language acquisition is concerned with language development in humans. Generally speaking, it refers to children’s development of their f language.

III. Directions: Judge whether each of the followingstatements is true or false. Put a T for true or F for false in the brackets in front of each statement. If you think a statement is false, you must explain why you think so. ( 2% × 10=20% ) 21. ( ) “There’s a motorcycle coming\" is seen as,

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out of context, a statement that a motorcycle is coming. But in a particular context, it might be a warning to a pedestrian not to step onto a road. When the study of meaning is considered in the context of use, it becomes a branch of linguistics called pragmatics.

22．( )To distinguish between phonemes and phones，linguists use slashes／／for phonetic segments and square brackets [ ] for phonemic segments．

23． ( )Prefixes modify the meaning of the stem and also change the part of speech of the original word．

24． ( )In addition to sentences and clauses，a syntactic category usually refers to a 1exical category or a phrasal category that performs a particular grammatical function．

25． ( )The word“flower”and “flour”，which are identical in sound，but different in spelling and meaning，are homophones．

26．( )As the process of communication is essentially a process of conveying meaning in a certain context，pragmatics can be regarded as a kind of meaning study.

27． ( )The meaning representation of words may change

，

becoming

broader,

narrower,

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shifted．The word knight once meant “youth”，but was elevated in meaning in the age of chivalry；When Juliet tells Romeo，“I’m too fond.” She is not claiming she likes Romeo too much．She means “I am too foolish．”These are two examples of semantic broadening．

28． ( ) In sociolinguistics，speech community refers to a group of speakers who constitute a community and share the same language or a particular variety of language．Speakers of English in general might be treated as such a community.

29． ( )Generally speaking，the left hemisphere of the brain controls voluntary movements of, and responds to signals from，the right side of the body．

30．( )The optimum age for SLA always accords with the maxim of’“the younger the better”． IV. Directions: Explanin the following terms and

give

examples

for

illustration

where

appropriate. (3% × 10=30% ) 31.displacement 32.voicing 33.morpheme 34.finite clause

35.componential analysis 36.declarations

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37.epenthesis 38.speech variety 39.linguistic relativism

40.the nativist view of language acquisition V. Directions: Answer the following questions. (10% × 2=20% )

41. What is the distinction between langue and parole? Why did Saussure make such a distinction?

42. What are the differences between sentence meaning and utterance meaning? And give examples to illustrate them.

2011年1月全国自考现代语言学参

全国2010年10月自学考试现代语言学试题

I. Directions: Read each of the following statements carefully. Decide which one of the four choices best completes the statement and put the letter A, B, C, or D in the brackets. (2%×10=20% )

1. The purpose of Chomsky’s definition is to focus attention on the purely ______ properties of language, and these properties can be studied from a mathematically precise point of view.

A. lexical B. grammatical C. semantic D. structural 2. We refer to the limited range of sounds as the phonic medium of language and individual sounds within that range as ______.

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A. vowels B. consonants C. sounds D. speech sounds 3. A(n) ______ refers to the existing form to which a derivational affix can be added. A. root B. stem C. affix D. morpheme

4. All sentences in all languages can be represented by constituent structure trees, and all have syntactic rules that determine the linear order of words and their ______ structure.

A. linear B. hierarchicalC. constituentD. syntactic

5. In semantic analysis of a sentence, a(n) ______ is a logical participant in a predication, largely identical with the nominal element in a sentence. （） A. argumentB. subject C. object D. predicate 6. Speaker A: Can you answer the telephone? Speaker B: I’m in the bath.

Speaker B is violating the maxim of ______.（） A. quantityB. quality C. relation D. manner

7. New words may be formed from existing words by the removal of a suffix thought to be part of the old word. Such a process is called ______, e.g., caretake from caretaker. A.

back-formation

clippingC.

blending

abbreviating

8. It is insulting to a woman to be called a spinster, but it is not insulting to a man to be called a

bachelor. There is nothing inherently ______ about

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the word spinster. The connotations reflect the sexist views society has about an unmarried woman as opposed to an unmarried man. A.

important

unusualC.

pejorative

commendatory

9. Human linguistic ability depends primarily on human ______. （）

A. brain B. vocal cordsC. tongue D. articulatory organs 10. In the ______ stage, children begin to produce longer utterances with more complex grammatical structures. （）

A. prelinguistic B. one-word C. two-word D. multi-word

Ⅱ. Directions: Fill in the blank in each of the following statements with one word, the first letter of which is already given as a clue. Note that you are to fill in ONE word only, and you are not allowed to change the letter given. ( 1%×10=10% )

11. D linguistics is the systematic description and elucidation of all linguistic changes through time. It studies the historical development of language over a period of time. For example, a study of the changes English has undergone since the time of Shakespeare would be a diachronic study.

12. The phonemes of a language cannot be strung

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together in any random order to form words. The phonological system determines which phonemes can begin a word, end a word, and follow each other, in other words, there are s rules that govern the combination of sounds in a particular language. 13. Morphology can be divided into two sub-branches: inflectional morphology and d morphology.

14. Syntax consists of a set of abstract rules that allow words to be combined with other words to form grammatical sentences. It is universally found that syntactic rules comprise a speaker’s system of i linguistic

knowledge

known

linguistic

competence.

15. Pairs of words which exhibit the reversal of a relationship between the lexical items are called r opposites.

16. Pragmatics and semantics are both linguistic studies of m , but what distinguishes them is whether the context of use is considered.

17. In Old English the word order is different from that of Modern English, and there are two negatives, “ne” (“not”) and “næfre” (“not”+“ever”=“never”). So d rule is one of the grammatical rules in Old English.

18. When a pidgin comes to be adopted by a community as its native tongue and is learned by

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children as their first language, it becomes c.

19. The c age for the acquisition of the first language coincides with the period of brain lateralization. 20. In second language learning, instrumental motivation occurs when the learner’s goal is f , and integrative motivation occurs when the learner’s goal is social.

III. Directions: Judge whether each of the following statements is true or false. Put a T for true or F for false in the brackets in front of each statement. If you think a statement is false, you must explain why you think so and then give the correct version. （ 2%×10=20% ）

21.（）Language is arbitrary by nature. And it is entirely arbitrary.

22.（）In producing stops or plosives, the

obstruction created by the speech organs is total or complete, with the obstruction audibly released and the air passing out again, such as English stops [p] and [t] in

pit. In producing [p] and [t] the flow of air

is blocked through the mouth only.

23.（）From the semantic point of view, the

meaning of a compound is always perceived from the meanings of its components.

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24.（）According to the “principles-and-parameters” theory, “principles” refer to highly abstract properties of grammar which are applied to language in general and which generate phrases and at the same time restrain the power of Move a, while “parameters” allow general principles to operate in certain restricted ways, according to which particular grammars of natural languages vary.

25.（）In discussing the sense relations between

sentences, Y is a prerequisite of X. So if Y is true, X must be true.

26.（）According to Austin’s classification of

perlocutionary acts, speech acts fall into five

general

categories,

which

are

representatives, directives, commissives, expressives and decalrations.

27.（）For some speakers of American English, the

word ask is pronounced [æks], but the word asking is pronounced [æskIŋ]. It is interesting that in Old English the verb

ask was aksian, with the/k/preceding

the/s/. This means that a historical metathesis rule switched these two consonants, producing ask in most

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dialects of English. Metathesis is the phonological

process

that

reorders

segments, often by transposing two adjoining sound segments.

28.（）Language varieties may be standard and

nonstandard. Nonstandard varieties are regarded as substandard languages. Only standard varieties are regarded as the only correct, logical and pure, and are effective

expressing

ideas

communication.

29.（）Language is the only means of expressing thought.

30.（）The Error Analysis approach shows that

there are striking similarities in the ways in which different L2 learners acquire a new language.

Ⅳ. Directions: Explain the following terms and give examples for illustration where appropriate. (3%×

10=30%

)31.

descriptive

linguistics32.

case

synonyms36. registers39.

diphthong33. condition35. declarations37.

morphological collocational Grimm’s

Law38.

rules34.

language centers40. formal instruction

V. Directions: Answer the following questions. (10%×2=20% )

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41. Explain syntactic movement, NP-movement and WH-movement with examples.

42. Explain the term “euphemism” with examples. Describe the use of euphemisms in social communication. What will result in euphemistic clichés?

2010年10月全国自考现代语言学参

全国2010年1月自学考试现代语言学试题

I . Directions: Read each of the following

statements carefully. Decide which one of the four choices best completes the statement and put the letter A, B, C, or D in the brackets. ( 2% × 10=20% )

1. The language behavior of particular persons on particular occasions is determined by manyother factors over and above their linguistic ______.( ) A. system B. structureC. competence D. performance 2. When we pronounce the long vowels [i:] or [u:], our

______, which is a bony structure at the end of the windpipe, is in a state of tension. ( ) A. larynx B. hard palateC. glottis D. vocal cords

3. The word “manuscript” is a two-morpheme cluster which contains ______.( )

A. two rootsB. a root and a prefixC. a root and a suffix D. a root and a free morpheme

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4. The grammatical knowledge is represented through

Phrase Structure Rules, which state explicitly all and only the possible combinations of the ______ of a language, for example, in English, NP → ( Det ) (Adj) N (PP) (S). ( )

A. phrases B. clauses C. sentences D. constituents 5. The view that the meaning of a linguistic form is defined as the “situation in which thespeaker utters it and the response it calls forth in the hearer” was proposed by ______.

A. Plato B. Ogden and RichardsC. John Firth D. Bloomfield

6. According to John Austin's theory of speech act, a(n) ______ act is the change brought aboutby the utterance. ( )

A. prelocutionary B. locutionaryC. illocutionary D. perlocutionary

7. In 1786, Sir William Jones suggested that ______ bore to Greek and Latin a strongeraffinity than could possibly have been produced by accident.（）

A. Germanic B. PersianC. Sanskrit D. Lithuanian

8. The existence of taboo words and taboo ideas stimulates the creation of euphemism, whichshows that a word or phrase not only has a linguistic denotative meaning but also has a ______.( )

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A. conceptual meaning B. connotative meaningC. cultural meaning D. social meaning

9. Dichotic listening research tells us a signal coming in the left ear will first go to the ______ hemisphere, from where it is transferred to the left side of the brain forprocessing.

A. right B. left C. front D. back

10. Studies of the effects of formal instruction on

second language acquisition suggest thatformal instruction may help learners perform some of the following types of tasks except ______.A. planned speech B. writingC. casual and spontaneous conversationD. career-oriented examination

II. Directions: Fill in the blank in each of the following statements with one word, the first letter of which is already given as a clue. Note that you are to fill in ONE word only, and you are not allowed to change the letter given. (1% ×10=10%)

11. Double a refers to the property of language which

means language iscomposed of discrete units at two levels. At the lower level there is a structure of sounds,which are meaningless. At the higher level there

are

morphemes

and

words,

which

aremeaningful.

12. In the production of v, the back of the tongue is

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brought into contact withthe soft palate, or velum, e.g., [k] in cat, [g] in get and [η] in sting.

13. Morphological rules are the rules that govern which affix can be added to what type of

s to form a new word.

14. A sentence is a structurally independent unit that

usually comprises a number of words. A phrase structure tree diagram assigns a h structure to sentences.

15. The words such as “pop” meaning a certain

sound and “pop” meaning popular are in relationship of c homonyms.

16. The c view in the discussion of semantics is often

considered as the initial effort to study meaning in a pragmatic sense.

17. Extensive changes in rules of morphology have

occurred in the history of English. English has lost most of its i endings, by which it is no longer possible to identify the functional roles of nouns. 18. Diglossia describes any stable linguistic situation, in which there exists a strict f

differentiation between a low-variety or L-variety and a high variety or H-variety.

19. The localization of cognitive and perceptual

functions in a particular hemisphere of the brain is called l.

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20. I is the language that a learner constructs at a

given stage of second language acquisition.

III. Directions: Judge whether each, of the following

statements is true or false. Put a T for true or F for false in the brackets in front of each statement. If you think a statement is false, you must explain why you think so and then give the correct version. （2% × 10=20%)

21.（）According to Hall (1968), language is \"the

institution whereby humans communicate and interact with each other by means of habitually used oral-auditory arbitrary symbols.\" Most linguists today accept the view of language as a set of \"habitually used symbols.\"

22.（）Intonation refers to a distinctive pattern of

tones over stretch of speech in principle longer than a word, in other words, when pitch, stress and sound length are tied to the sentence rather than the word in isolation, they are collectively known as intonation.

23.（）Suffixes are added to the end of stems,

during the process of which they modify the meaning of the original word but usually do not change its part of speech.

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24.（）When we say a sentence has two levels of

structure, D-structure and S-structure, we do

not

mean

that

the

syntactic

representations of these two levels must be different. Since syntactic movement occurs

all

sentences,

the

representations of the two levels look different.

25.（）“He has been to New York”presupposes “He has been to America”.

26.（）John Searle made a distinction between

what he called “constatives”and “performatives”.

27.（）Regularization of exceptional plural forms

of nouns constantly occurs. By analogy to foe/foes, and dog/dogs, English speakers started saying cows as the plural of cow instead of the earlier plural kine. This analogical change does not occur when words

are

borrowed

from

foreign

languages.

28.（）The common English address terms are First

Name (e.g., John), Last Name (e.g., Smith), Title + Last Name (e.g., Dr. Green), Title + Title (e.g., Mr. President), Title alone (e.g., Sir) and Kin term (e.g., Dad). And outside

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of marked settings, between friends, neighbours and colleagues, first names are always preferred.

29.（）Thanks to cerebral plasticity, people

suffering damage to the left hemisphere are able to transfer their language centers to the right hemisphere and to reacquire the lost linguistic skills with relatively little disruption.

30.（）The earliest sounds produced by infants can be considered as early language

IV. Directions: Explain the following terms, using

one or two examples for illustration, if necessary. ( 3% × 10=30% )31. design features32. narrow transcription33. assimilation38. interference

V. Directions: Answer the following questions. ( 10% ×2=20% )

41. Please illustrate the syntactic and semantic

features of compounds in English language with examples.

42. Please explicate how language and thought

develop and blend each other in order to understand the relationship between language and

bound

morphemes34. Wernicke's

deep area40.

structure35. hyponymy36.commissives37. sound

idiolect39.

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thought.

全国2009年10月自学考试现代语言学试题

Ⅰ. Directions: Read each of the following statementscarefully. Decide which one of the four choices bestcompletes the statement and put the letter A, B, C, orD in the brackets. (2% × 10=20% ) 1. Saussure used ______ to refer to the abstract linguistic system shared by all the members of a speech community. ( )

A. performance B. paroleC. langue D. competence 2. In English, a phoneme may be represented by two or more allophones. The choice of the allophone is ______. ( )

A. random B. rule-governed C. haphazard D. unpredictable

3. In word-formation, a ______ is the smallest meaningful unit of language. ( )

A. phoneme B. word C. compound D. morpheme

4. A ______ category usually refers to a word or phrase that performs a particular grammatical function, such as the subject or predicate in a sentence. ( )

A. lexical B. phrasal C. syntactic D. phonetic

5. In the following pairs of words, ______ are a pair of relational opposites. ( )

A. “buy” and “sell” B. “male” and “female”C.

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“hot” and “cold” D. “alive” and “dead”

6. The illocutionary point of ______ has the characteristic that the successful performance of an act of this kind brings about the correspondence between what is said and reality.

A. directives B. declarationsC. commissives D. representatives

7. Old English had a rich case-ending system, e.g., Old

English noun had four cases, i.e., nominative, genetive, dative and ______. ( )

A. possessive B. vocative C. accusative D. locative 8. ______ dialects are characteristic of a particular type of linguistic activity and appropriate for use in particular speech situations. ( ) A. Social B. Ethnic C. Regional D. Situational

9. Lying under the skull, the human brain contains an average

ten

billion

nerve

cells

called

______.( )

A. nerve fibers B. nerves C. neurons D. cerebral cortex 10. By the time children are going beyond the ______

stage, they begin to incorporate some ofthe inflectional morphemes. ( )

A. telegraphic B. multiword C. two-word D. one-word II. Directions: Fill in the blank in each of the

followingstatements with one word, the first letter of which isalready given as a clue. Note

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that you are to fill inONE word only, and you are not

allowed

changethe

letter

given.

( 1%×10=10% )

11. If a linguistic study aims to lay down rules for

“correct” behavior, i.e., to tell people whatthey should say and what they should not, it is said to be p.

12. Languages that use the pitch of individual syllables to contrast meanings are called t

languages. Pitch variations can be used to distinguish meaning just like phonemes.

13. I morphemes are those morphemes that show

various grammaticalrelations or categories such as number, tense and case.

14. A c sentence contains two or more clauses, one of which is incorporatedinto the other.

15. In grammatical analysis, the sentence is taken to

be the basic unit, but in semantic analysis ofa sentence, the basic unit is called p, which is the abstraction of themeaning of a sentence.

16. The significance of Grice’s C Principle lies in that it explains how it ispossible for the speaker to convey more than is literally said.

17. The method of r of a parent language from a

comparison of its daughterlanguages is called the comparative method.

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18. The avoidance of using t language mirrors social

attitude, emotions andvalue judgements.

19. Genie’s case not only confirms the critical period

hypothesis,

but

also

the

view

that

human’slanguage a device is independent of other intellectual abilities.

20. If the target language functions as a foreign

language, the learner is likely to benefit from an i motivation.

Ⅲ. Directions: Judge whether each of the

followingstatements is true or false. Put a T for true or F for falsein the brackets in front of each statement. If you think astatement is false, you must explain why you think so.( 2% ×10=20% )

21. ( ) The arbitrary nature of language is

absolute, i.e., there are no words in world languages that maintain a correspondence between form and sound. 22. (

) Certain strings of phonemes are

permissible and others are not. If a word beginswith an/1/or/r/, the next segment must be a vowel. That is why / 1bIk/does notsound like an English word. It violates the restriction on the sequencing ofphonemes.

23. ( ) The different stresses used in a compound

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do not usually affect the meaning of

thecompound.

24. ( ) The recursive properties of phrase

structure rules enable these rules to generate an infinite number of sentences, and sentences with infinite length.

25. ( ) Entailment is a relation of inclusion. If X entails

Y, the meaning of X is included in Y.

26. ( ) Performatives are sentences that do not

state a fact or describe a state, and are not verifiable.

27. ( ) Another kind of change that can be

thought of as “economy of memory” results in a reduction of the number of exceptional or irregular morphemes. For example,children and adults are presently saying I dreamed last night (instead of dreamt).This kind of change has been called rule simplification.

28. ( ) One striking fact about the asymmetry

between

male

is and that

female when

terms there

in are

manylanguages

male/female pairs, the male form for the most partis unmarked and the female term is produced by

adding

bound

morpheme

bycompounding.

29. ( ) Research findings have shown that

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language processing centers are situated in a single area of the left hemisphere.

30. ( ) The grammatical errors that occur in

second language acquisition can allbe explained by mother tongue interference.

Ⅳ. Directions: Explain the following terms, using

one or two examples for illustration, if necessary. (3%×10=30%)31. synchronic study32. competence33. morpheme35. synonyms38. Broca’s area

Ⅴ. Directions: Answer the following questions. ( 10% ×2=20% )

41. In some dialects of English, the word “ask” is

pronounced [æks], and children’s speechshows a number of cases of sound movement, for example, “aminal” for “animal”. Nowexplain sound movement

giving

examples.

State

the

difference between sound movementand sound addition by examples.

42. Describe the distinctive features of Black English in its syntactic system by using examples. 全国2009年1月自考现代语言学试题

I. Directions：Read each of the following statements

sentence major

stress34.

free

lexical

category36. euphemism40.

behaviourism as a semantic view37. stylistic

expressives39.

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carefully. Decide which one of the four choices best completes the statement and put the letter A，B，C，or Dinthebrackets. (2%×10=-20％)

1. Phonetics provides the means to describe the speech sounds，showing how they differ； phonology tells us that they function as ______，acting to contrast words.

A. sounds units B. sound features C. phonemes D. allophones

2. Alphabetic spelling represents the pronunciation of words；but it is often the case that the sounds of the words in a language are rather unsystematically represented by ______· ( )

A. writing B. orthography C. transcription D. phonology

3. ______morphemes are those that cannot be used independently but have to be combined with othermorphemes，either free or bound，to form a

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word. ( )

A. Bound B. Free C. Inflectional D. Derivational

4. _______ categories refer to combination of words of different categories，such as noun phrases(NP)，verb phrases(VP)in English. ( )

A. Lexical B. Phrasal C. Semantic D. Logical

5. In semantic analysis of a sentence， a(n)______ is a logical participant in a predication， largely identical with the nominal element(s)in a sentence. ( ) A. argument B. subject C. object D. attribute

6. Of the three speech acts a speaker might be performing simultaneously when speaking， linguists are most interested in the ______ act because it is identical with the speaker’s intention. ( )

A. performative B. constative C. illocutionary D. perlocutionary

7. Middle English began with the arrival of the Norman French invaders in England under William the

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Conqueror in 1066. For about a century and a half after the Norman Conquest， Middle English was heavily influenced by French，most noticeably in large and central areas of ______. ( )

A. vocabulary B. pronunciation C. morphology D. syntax

8. Depending on the demands of a particular communicative situation，bilingual or multilingual speakers may change between language varieties in the middle of speech or even in the middle of a sentence. Such a situation is known as ______. ( ) A. bilingualism B. multilingualism C. diglossia D. code-switching

9. Language disorder resulting from a damage to ______ area in the brain reveals word-finding difficulties and problems with syntax. ( )

A. Wernicke’s B. Broca’s C. Gage’s D. Genie’s 10. Studies on the effects of formal instruction on

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second language acquisition show that formal instruction may help learners perform some types of tasks EXCEPT ______. ( )A. planned speech B. writingC. career-oriented exam D. casual and spontaneous conversation

II. Directions：Fill in the blank in each of the following statements with one word，the first letter of which is already given as a clue. Note that you are to fill in ONE word only,and you are not allowed to change the letter given. (1%×10=10%) l1. M linguistics，unlike the linguistic study normally known as“grammar” which sets models and rules for language users to follow，is mostly descriptive，i.e.，it attempts to describe the language people actually use，be it“correct”or not.

12. Many languages，including English，have vowels called d ，which could also be described as a sequence of two vowels.

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13. Ar is often seen as part of a word；it can never stand by itself although it bears clear,definite meaning；it must be combined with another similar form or an affix to formaword.

14. In a complex sentence，the incorporated，or subordinate，clause is normally called an e clause. 15. In the English vocabulary there are two categories of words：n words and borrowed words.

16. “Your money or your life!”aims to threaten，and it is a specific instance ofd ·

17. Back formation refers to a process by which new words are coined from already existing words by taking away an a thought to be part of the old word，for example，edit derived from editor on the mistaken assumption that“-or”was the agentive suffix.

18. In the 1969 edition of the American Heritage Dictionary，examples used to illustrate the meaning

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of words include“manly courage’’and“masculine charm. ’’Women do not fare as well. as exemplified by“womanish tears’’and“feminine wiles.’’This indicates that language reflectss in society.

19. Thecperiod hypothesis refers to a period in one’s life extending from about age two to puberty,during which the human brain is most ready to acquire a particular language.

20. Although they lack grammatical morphemes，t sentences in the multiword stage are not simply words randomly strung together,but follow the principles of sentence formation.

III. Directions：Judge whether each of the following statements is true or false. Put a T for true or F for false in the brackets in front of each statement. If you think a statement is false，you must explain why you think so and then give the correct version. (2%×10=20％)

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21. ( )Animal communication system also possesses the feature of displacement. In other words，it can be used to refer to contexts removed from the immediate situations.

22. ( )Vowels usually constitute the nucleus of syllable，so they are typically syllabic. Consonants cannot be syllabic. The same is true of English consonants.

23. ( )X-bar theory and phrase structure rules are similar,and they play the same roles in explaining the internal structures of language.

24. ( )Transformational rules are the rules that we use to generalize the syntactic movement that occurs when a constituent in a sentence moves out of its original place to a new position.

25. ( )A grammatically well-formed sentence may be a semantically ill-formed sentence.

26. ( )While conversation participants nearly always

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observe the Cooperative Principle， they do not always observe these maxims strictly.

27. ( )The Great Vowel Shift did not lead to the discrepancies between the pronunciation and the spelling system of Moden English.

28. ( )Diglossia describes any stable linguistic situation，in which there exists a strict grammatical differentiation between a high variety or H-variety and a low variety or L-variety.

29. ( )Language functions are believed to be lateralized primarily in the right hemisphere of the brain.

30. ( )No language is inferior or superior to any other language，and no single human， except those with mental or physical impairments，is a better or worse language acquirer than any other human. IV. Directions：Explain the following terms，using one or two examples for illustration，if necessary.

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(3％×10=30％)

31. arbitrariness32. distinctive features33. Universal Grammar34. Move

35. contextualism36. comparative reconstruction37. speech community38. interpersonal communication39. 1inguistic determinism and relativism40. 1anguage acquisition

V. Directions：Answer the following questions. (10％×2=20％)

41. Use appropriate phrase structure rules to draw a labeled constituent structure tree diagram for each of the following sentences.

1)The naughty boy cheated his teacher.2)The old man put the book on the table. 3)I think that you are from the South.

42. Distinguish sentence meaning and utterance meaning by using examples.

全国2008年10月自学考试现代语言学试题

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I.Directions: Read each of the following statements carefully. Decide which one of the four choices best completes the statement and put the letter A, B, C, or D in the brackets. (2%×10=20%)

1.The distinction between langue and parole was made by _______ early last century.( )

A. American linguist N. Chomsky B. Swiss linguist F. de Saussure

C. American linguist Edward Sapir D. British linguist J. R. Firth

2.The sounds that begin and end the words church and judge are voiceless and voiced _______, respectively.( )

A. stops B. fricativesC. affricates D. plosives

3.In the word unreliable, the prefix “un-” is a(n) _______ morpheme.( ) A. free

B. bound C. root

D. inflectional

4.Words in a sentence are organized into groups of

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lexical _______, commonly known as partsof

speech.( )

A. verbs B. nouns C. phrases D. categories

5.The words stationary and stationery are identical in sound, but different in spelling and meaning. They are _______.( )

A. complete homonyms B. homographsC. hyponyms

D. homophones

6. The illocutionary point of _______ is to express the psychological state specified in the utterance.( ) A. directives B. expressives C. commissives D. representatives

7. Grimm pointed out that certain phonological changes must have occurred early in the history of the Germanic languages, which did not take place in _______, Greek, or Latin.( ) A. English

B. Sanskrit C. German

D. Danish

8. Language planning refers to any attempt by a

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government, etc. to choose a particular speech variety and spread the use of it, including its pronunciation and spelling systems, across _______ boundaries.( ) A. social B. regional C. cultural

D. political

9. The case of Phineas Gage showed us that _______.( )

A. human language ability is not located in the brain because Phineas’ brain was so damaged and he could still speak

B. human language ability is located in the right hemisphere of the brain

C. if human language ability is located in the brain, it is not situated right at the back

D. if human language ability is located in the brain, it is not situated right at the front

10. The Chinese sound/d/in English interlanguage pronunciation of “dat” for “that” belongs to _______ error.( )

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A. fossilization overgeneralization

B. transferC. interference D.

11. If a linguistic study describes and analyzes the language people actually use, it is said to be d_______. 12. If you say door, new, two, senior, zoo, you will notice that the first sounds in all these words are a_______ sounds. The t and s are voiceless, and d, n and z are voiced. Only n is nasal.

13. The word snowfall is a word formed by joining two separate words, i.e. “snow” and “fall.” This newly formed word is generally regarded as a c_______.

14. A c_______ sentence contains two clauses joined by a linking word, such as “and,” “but,” “or.”

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15. Pairs of words that exhibit the reversal of a relationship between the two items are called r_______ opposites.

16. All the speech acts that belong to the same category share the same purpose or the same i_______ point, but they differ in their strength or force.

17. The [d] of spindle is developed between an adjacent [n] and [l]. Such a process or change in which successive sounds are separated by an intervening segment is known as e_______.

18. The two (or possibly more) groups use their native languages as a basis for a rudimentary language of few lexical items and “straightforward” grammatical rules. Such a m_______ language is called pidgin.

19. The brain’s neurological specialization for language

called

linguistic

l_______,

which

psycholinguists are particularly interested in.

20. Within the framework of C_______ Analysis, second

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language learning was believed to be a matter of overcoming the differences between L 1 and L2 systems.

III. Directions: Judge whether each of the following statements is true or false. Put a T for true or F for false in the brackets in front of each statement. If you think a statement is false, you must explain why you think so and then give the correct version. (2%×10=20%)

21.( ) The arbitrary nature of language makes it possible for language to have an unlimited source of expressions.

22.( ) When two different forms are identical in every way except for one sound segment that occurs in the same place in the string, then the two words are called minimal pairs. Sip and zip are a minimal pair, as are fine and vine, and veal and leaf.

23.( ) The meaning of a compound is the

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combination of the meanings of the words in the compound.

24.( ) The structure that occurs after movement takes place is what we term as surface structure.

25.( ) The predication analysis of a sentence only applies to statements and interrogative forms.

26.( ) Speech act theory was proposed by the British philosopher John Austin in the late 1950s. 27.( ) Derivation covers various processes of word formation by the addition of affixes, such as the creation of adjectives from nouns (professional < profession), nouns from verbs (computer < compute), adjectives from verbs (conceivable < conceive), and verbs from nouns (eulogize < eulogy).

28.( ) In Black English, when the verb is negated, the indefinite pronouns something, somebody, and some become the negative indefinites nothing, nobody, and none, such as He don’t know nothing.

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Such double negation constructions indicate that speakers of Black English are deficient because they use language “illogically.”

29.( ) The right hemisphere controls voluntary movements of, and responds to signals from, the right side of the body.

30.( ) Language acquisition is primarily the acquisition of the grammatical system of language. IV. Directions: Explain the following terms, using one or two examples for illustration. (3% ×10=30%)

31. displacement32. general linguistics33. assimilation rule34. derivational affix33. hierarchical structure 36. semantic triangle37. grammatical meaning38. cooperative principle39. high variety40. right ear advantage

V. Directions: Answer the following questions. (10%×2=20%)

41. New words can be formed in many ways. Please

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illustrate borrowing, compounding, blending and back-formation, each with two examples.

42. Describe briefly what stages children go through in their first language acquisition. 全国2008年1月高等教育自学考试

I.Directions: Read each of the following statements carefully. Decide which one of the four choices best completes the statement and put the letter A, B, C, or D in the bracket.(2%×10=20%)

1.The phonetic form of the prefix meaning “not” is phonetically variant; it is alveolar consonant, and

, indiscrete

inconceivable A. velar C. fricative

before a vowel or an before a labial consonant, , impossible . ( )

B. palatal D. stop

, and

before a _____, for example, inoperable

2. Tones are pitch variations that refer to morphologically defined segments to the extent that different _______ in a language are distinctive. Pitch variations can distinguish meaning just like phonemes.( ) A. sounds C. pitches

B. patterns D. features

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3. Some of the ______ rules are productive; they can be used freely to form new words.( ) A. syntactic C. semantic

B. morphological D. phonological

4. VP, AP and PP share similar syntactic properties with NP in that they allow for _______ and complements in phrases. ( ) A. heads C. lexical items

B. specifiers

D. obligatory words

5. Bloomfield drew on _______ psychology when trying to define the meaning of linguistic forms. ( ) A. contextual C. behaviorist

B. conceptualist D. mentalist

6. Pragmatics differs from traditional semantics in that it studies meaning not in isolation, but in _______. ( ) A. sense C. sentence

B. concept D. context

7. The languages of the world belong to families and bear offspring. When we examine the languages of the world, we perceive similarities and differences among them that provide further evidence for the“______”relatedness we know exists. A. geographical B. genetic C. typological D. functional

8. In English, powder room is a euphemism for toilet,

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which itself started as a _______ for lavatory, which is now more acceptable than its replacement. ( ) A. variant C. variable that _______. ( )

A. it confirms the critical period hypothesis B.

human’s

language

acquisition

device

independent of other intellectual abilities

C. language can not be acquired at all after the critical period

D. the language faculty of an average human degenerates after the critical period and, as a result, most linguistic skills cannot develop

10. Although children are still acquiring aspects of their native language through the later years of childhood, it is normally assumed that they have completed the greater part of the language acquisition process by the age of ______.( ) A. three and half C. five

B. four D. six B. variation D. euphemism

9. What can be drawn safely from the case of Genie is

Ⅱ. Directions: Fill in the blank in each of the following statements with one word , the first letter of which is already given as a clue. Note that you are to fill in ONE word only, and you are not allowed to change the letter given. (1%×

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10=10%)

11. The core area of linguistics includes phonetics, phonology, morphology, syntax and s . 12. Phonetics provides the means to describe the sounds, showing how they differ; phonology tells us that they function as p , acting to contrast words.

13. Both i____________ morphology and derivational morphology morphology.

14. When a sentence is uttered or written down, the words of the sentence are produced one after another in a sequence. This sequential order of words in a sentence shows that the structure of a sentence is l_____________.

15. C_________ synonyms are synonyms that differ in the words they go together with. It is a matter of usage. 16.

According

Searle’s

classification

illocutionary acts, “I swear I have never seen the man before” is among the most typical examples of the r______.

17. Sound a________ refers to sound change or process by which features of one element change to match those of another that precedes or follows.

18. German-speaking Switzerland is described as a

are

the

two

sub-branches

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d___________ community, where the distinct varieties are Standard German and Swiss German. 19.

The

left

hemisphere

controls

voluntary

movements of, and responds to signals from, the r___________ side of the body.

20. Learning is defined as a conscious process of accumulating knowledge of a second language usually obtained in school settings while a__________ refers

the

gradual

and

subconscious

development of ability in the first language by using it naturally in daily communicative situations.

III. Directions: Judge whether each of the following

statements is true or false. Put a T for true or F for false in the bracket in front of each statement. If you think a statement is false, you must explain why you think so and give the correct version. （2%×10=20%）

21.( ) People can utter a sentence he has never heard or used before. In this sense,human language is creative.

22.( ) In English both aspirated and unaspirated voiceless stops occur. The voiceless aspirated stops

and the voiceless unaspirated stops

occur

the

same

phonemic

context

environment.

23.( ) Parameters are syntactic options of UG that

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allow general principles to operate in one way or another and contribute to significant linguistic variations between and among languages.

24.( ) Syntactic movement occurs to all sentences, therefore, the deep structure and surface structure of every sentence look different at its two levels of representation.

25.( )The Anglo-Saxons were migrants from the northern parts of Europe, so the wordsthat they originally used and the words that the English vocabulary has later takenin from other languages are regarded as loan words.

26.( ) Paul Grice made a distinction between what he called “constatives” and“performatives”.

27.( ) Most of the languages of Europe, Persia (Iran), and the northern part of India belong to the same Indo-European language family. The language, which no longerexists, is called Proto-Indo-European, a term reflecting the earlier linguistic distribution of the speakers of this language family from India to Europe.

28.( ) In Black English, when the verb is negated, the indefinite pronouns something,somebody, and

some become the negative indefinites nothing, nobody, and none, asin :

He don’t know nothing.

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He don’t like nobody. He ain’t got none.

29.( ) The cerebral cortex is the decision-making organ of the body, receiving messagesfrom all the sensory organs and initiating all voluntary actions. 30.( ) During the two-word stage of language acquisition, two-word expressions are absent of syntactic or morphological markers.

IV. Dirctions: Explain the following terms, using one or two examples for illustration.（3%×10=30%）

31. applied linguistics32. diacritics33. phrase structure rule34. predicate35. presupposition36. cognates37. creole

38. Wernicke’s area39. overt thought40. instrumental motivation

V. Answer the following questions. (10%×2=20%) 41.To what extent can we say that language is culturally transmitted? Explain with examples. Does animal communication have the same feature of cultural transmission?

42. According to John Austin’s new model, please illustrate the three speech acts a speaker might be performing simultaneously when speaking. 全国2007年10月高等教育自学考试

I. Directions: Read each of the following statements

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carefully. Decide which one of the four choices best completes the statement and put the letter A, B, C, or D in the brackets. (2% × 10=20%)

1. Design features refer to the defining properties of human language that distinguish it from any _______________system of communication. A. artificial C. animal

B. non-linguistic D. abstract

2. If you put a finger in each ear and say “z-z-z-z-z”, you can feel the vibrations of the _______________. A. glottis C. larynx 3.

the

word

_______________morpheme. A. derivational C. root

B. inflectional D. stem B. windpipe D. vocal cords

suitable, “-able” is a

4. _______________is a subfield of linguistics that studies the sentence structure of language,

i.e. how words are arranged in a sentence and in what order. A. Morphology C. Phonology

B. Syntax D. Semantics

5. Whether a sentence is semantically meaningful is governed by rules called _______________. A. selectional restrictions C. phrase structure rules

B. grammatical rules D. phonological rules

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6. If a sentence is regarded as what people actually utter in the course of communication, it becomes a(n) _______________ . A. clause C. utterance

B. speech D. predication

7.The discovery of Indo-European began with the work of ____________, who delivered an important paper in 1786 in which he suggested that Sanskrit bore a stronger affinity to Greek and Latin.

A. the British scholar Sir William Jones B. the German linguist Franz Bopp

C. the Danish scholar Rasmus Rask D. scholar Jacob Grimm

8.The important characteristic of a speech community is that the members of the group must,

in some reasonable way, interact _______________with other members of the community. A. geographically C. socially

B. linguistically

D. psycholinguistically

the

German

9. Th e view that human brain is the source of human language and cognition goes back_______. A. less than 1000 years C. less than 2000 years

B. over 2000 years D. over 3000 years

10. Language acquisition is primarily the acquisition of the _________system of language. A. phonological

B. semantic

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C. grammatical D. communicative

11. L is generally known as the scientific and systematic study of language.

12. Speech sounds can be described in physical or a terms. Physically, sounds are

transmitted through the air from one person to another.

13. The morphemes that are independent units of meaning and can be used freely all by themselves are called f morphemes.

14. A simple sentence consists of a single c which contains a subject and a predicate and stands alone as its own sentence.

15. C analysis is based upon the belief that the meaning of a word can be divided into meaning components.

16. According to Searle, s acts fall into five general categories, i.e., there are five

general types of things we do with language.

17. In historical linguistics, language change refers to the study of the d processes of

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change in language elements and language systems. 18. Dialectal diversity develops when people are separated from each other g and

socially. The changes that occur in the language spoken in one area or group do not necessarily spread to another.

19. Language functions are believed to be lateralized primarily in the 1 hemisphere of the brain. 20. For the vast majority of children, language development occurs spontaneously and requires little conscious i on the part of adults.

llI. Directions: Judge whether each of the following statements is true or false. Put a T for true or F for false in the brackets in front of each statement. If you think a statement is false, you must explain why you think so and give the correct version. (2%×10=20%)

21. ( ) Language is a system of arbitrary vocal symbols used for human communication.

22. ( ) We use dark [] at the end of a word after a vowel or before a consonant, such as feel [fi:] and

little [lIt], and clear [1] before a vowel, such as loaf

[lυf]. From the phonological point of view, dark [] and clear [1] are the two different sounds.

23. ( ) Theoretically speaking, a compound can be a combination of two words of any parts of speech.

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24. ( ) The level of syntactic representation before the operation of necessary movement is what we call deep structure.

25. ( ) Sense and reference are of the same thing in meaning study.

26. ( ) Paul Grice thought that in making conversation, the participants must first of all be willing to cooperate.

27. ( ) The word knight once meant “youth”, but was elevated in meaning in time for the age of chivalry. This is an example of semantic broadening. 28. ( ) In medieval times, a trade language came into use in the Mediterranean ports. It consisted of Italian mixed with French, Spanish, Greek, Arabic, and Turkish, and it was called Lingua Franca, “Frankish language.” The term lingua franca was generalized to other languages similarly used. Thus, any language can be a lingua franca.

29. ( ) Aristotle suggested that thought was the soul’s discourse with itself.

30. ( ) Some languages are more challenging to acquire as a first language.

Ⅳ.Directions: Explain the following terms, using

one or two examples for illustration. (3%×10=30%)

31.duality32.producrivity33.fricative34.affix35.recursiv

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eness36.the antonyms 38.conversational

naming theory37.complementary implicature39.language

planning40.psycholinguistics

V.Answer the following questions.(10%×2=20%) 41．Explain the Great Vowel Shift in the history of

English, and give at least two examples of both Middle English and Modern English in phonetic transcription.

42.Discuss the different theories of child language

acquisition with reference to the behaviorist learning model and the nativist biological model. 全国2007年1月高等教育自学考试

Ⅰ.Directions: Read each of the following statements carefully. Decide which one of the four choices best completes the statement and put the letter A, B, C, or D in the brackets.(2%×10=20%)

1． The study of how people use their speech organs to produce speech sounds is of great interest to those working in the area of（） A．phonology C．auditory phonetics

B．articulatory phonetics D．acoustic phonetics

2．The vowel [u:] in English has all the following

features EXCEPT（） A．long

B．rounded

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C．closed

on（）

A．the second syllable

D．central

3．The stress of the compound noun“armchair”falls

B．the first syllable

C．both the first and second syllables D．either the

first or the second syllable

4．When we move a noun phrase from the object

position to the subject position in passive transformation in English, we are（）the noun phrase to the left.

A．rewriting C．maintaining

B．postposing D．preposing

5．Of the views concerning the study of meaning, the

one in which meaning is explained in terms of observable stimuli and responses made by participants in specific situations is referred to as A．contextualism C．conceptualism

B．behaviourism D．the naming theory

6．The illocutionary point of the （） is to commit the speaker to something’s being the case, to the truth of what has been said. A．representatives C．expressives become

lexicalized,

B．commissives D．directives for

example,

7．Abbreviations of longer words or phrases may

gym for

gymnasium. This process is sometimes called

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（） A．blending C．clipping

B．abbreviating D．compounding

8．The differences between standard and non-standard, on the one hand, and between high and low language varieties in a _______ situation, on the other hand, are parallel but not identical. A．diglossic C．linguistic

B．bilingual D．sociolinguistic

9．The view that the brain is the source of human language and cognition goes back over（）years. A．10000 C．2000

B．5000 D．1000

10．（） motivation occurs when the learner desires to learn a second language in order to communicate with native speakers of the target language.

A．Instrumental C．Integrative

B．Functional D．Social

Ⅱ. Directions: Fill in the blank in each of the

following statements with one word, the first letter of which is already given as a clue. Note that you are to fill in ONE word only, and you are not allowed to change the letter given. (1%×10=10%)

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11.Traditional grammarians tried to tell people what was good usage and what was bad usage by setting models for language users to follow. Thus their approach to the study of language was p .

时间：2021.03.01 创作：欧阳语欧阳语创编

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现代语言学历年真题及答案_1月-10月_之欧阳语创编