戏剧
三个悲剧作家 Aeschylus
His works “Prometheus Bound” “Persians” “Agamemnon” Sophocles
His works “Oedipus the King” “Electra” “Antigone” Euripides
His works “Andromache” “Medea”
“Trojan Women”
Aristotle said of Euripides ―If a bad manager in all other points, Euripides is at least the most tragic of the poets‖. 喜剧作家
Aristophanes
His works “Frogs” “Clouds” “Wasps” “Birds”
Swift said of Aristophanes: As for comic Aristophanes, The dog too witty and too profane is. 历史
Herodotus
He is often called ―Father of History‖, wrote about the wars between Greeks and Persians Thucydides
He is more accurate as an historian
He told about the war between ―Athens and Sparta‖ ―Athens and Syracuse‖
Macaulay, himself an eminent historian, called Thucydides ―the greatest historian that ever lived 哲学和科学 Pythagoras
He was the founder of Scientific mathematics
To him and his school we owe the abstract conceptions underlying mathematics--- point, line, magnitude, surface, body ----and the first theory of proportion. Heracleitus
He believed “fire” to be the primary element of the universe. He said ―all is flux, nothing is stationary‖
―you can’t step twice into the same river‖
Democritus
He speculated about the atomic structure of matter,
选段 for all men good and truth are the same ,but pleasure is different for different men„„„„
哲学家
Socrates: we know him chiefly through what Plato recorded of him in his famous ―Dialogues‖
Plato
His major works “The Apology”,
“Symposium”《会饮篇》 “ The Republic”
He built up a comprehensive system of philosophy. It dealt with, among other
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things, the problem of how, in the complex, ever—changing world, men were to attain knowledge.
He said: ―We look not at the things which are seen but at the things which are bit seen: for the things which are seen are temporal ―but the things which are not seen are eternal‖.
His philosophy is called ―Idealism‖.
Shelly said: ―Plato was essentially a poet----the truth and splendor of his imagery, and the melody of his language, are the most intense that it is possible to conceive. Aristotle
His major works “Ethics” “Politics” “Poetic” “Rhetoric”
Dante called Aristotle the master of those who know. The difference between Plato and Aristotle (见课后题) 百家争鸣
① Sophists —Protagoras: ―man is the measure of all things‖ ② Cynics —Diogenes “◆decided to live like a dog, ◆rejected all conventions , ◆
advocated self-sufficiency and extreme simplicity in life, ◆proclaimed his
brotherhood. ③ Sceptics —Pyrrhon ④ Epicureans — Epicurus : ―◆believed pleasure to be the highest good in life ,but by
pleasure he meant ,not sensual enjoyment ,but freedom from pain and emotional upheaval . ⑤ Stoics—Zeno : ―the most important thing in life is not pleasure but duty‖ 科学 Euclid
Well-known for his ―Elements‖ Archimedes
He discovered that when a body is immersed in water its loss of weight is equal to the weight of the water displaced
He invented machines which greatly helped his native city Syracuse against the Romans.
He said: ― give me a place to stand , and I will move the world‖ 建筑
Parthenon
Acropolis an Athens 建筑风格
Ⅰ.the Doric: masculine style ,sturdy ,powerful, severe-looking ,show a good sense of proportions and numbers , monotonous ,and unadorned.
ⅱ.Ionic : feminine style ,graceful and elegant ,show a wealth of ornament. ⅲ.Corinthian : ornamented and luxury . 雕刻
1.Discus Thrower 2. Venus de Milo 3. Laocoon group 陶器
1. Black-figure paintings 2. Red-figure paintings
罗马文化
罗马和希腊
The burning of Corinth in 146B.C. marked Roman conquest of Greece. 拉丁文学
Marcus Tullius Cicero:
⑴noted for his oratory and fine writing style
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⑵his legal and political speeches are models of Latin diction
⑶his eloquent, oratorical manner of writing described as ―Cieronian” (4)the good of the people is the chief law
(5)The thing which is the most outstanding and the most desirable to all healthy and good and well-off persons, is peaceful life with honor.
(6)Never less idle than when wholly idle, nor less alone than when wholly alone Julius Caesar
(1) became dictator in Rome for a few years (2) his work “Commentaries” (3) models of succinct Latin (4) I came , I saw , I conquered. (5) The die is cast.
(6) Man willingly believe what they wish. 押韵的散文诗歌 Lucretius
His work “On the Nature of Things” Nothing can be created out of nothing Matter is eternal Virgil
The greatest of Latin poets His work ― Aeneid”
He was also the Dante’s book 建筑
(1)The Pantheon (2)Pont du Gard (3)The Colosseum 雕刻
（1） Constantine the Great
（2） Spoils from the Temple in Jerusalem （3） She-wolf
第二章
总述
Christianity is by far the most influential in the west, it originated in Palestine.
Some 3800years ago the ancestors of the Jews-the Hebrews ---wandered through the deserts of the Middle East .Hebrews, which means “wanders‖
旧约
The Bible is a collection of religious writings composing two parts : the Old testament (about God and the Laws of God)and the new testament (the doctrine of Jesus Christ) .The word ―Testament‖means ―agreement”—namely, the agreement between God and Man 1. The Pentateuch∕ Torah（摩西五经）
Genesis : a religious account of the origin of the Hebrew people, including the origin of the world and the man ,the career of Issac and the life of Jacob and his son Joseph(the fall of the Man ,Noah’s Ark).
Exodus: a religious history of the Hebrews during their flight from Egypt ,the period when they began to receive God’s Law.
Leviticus : a collection of primitive laws.
Numbers: a continuation of the account of the flight from Egypt with two censuses about the Exodus.
Deuteronomy: the final words of Moses to his people , restating his orders and fifty years experiences ad a leader. 摩西十诫（见课后题） The Historical Books(史书)
Book of Joshua Books of Judges Books of Samuel
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Books of Kings
Books of the Chronicles Book of Ezra Book of Nehemiah
These works were written sometimes between 800B.C. and 500B.C.,dealing with history of the Hebrew form their entry into Palestine around 1200B.C.. The Poetical Books
a. Book of Job b. Book of Psalms c. Proverb
d. Ecclesiastes e. Song of Solomon
选段： I am the rose of Sharon, And the lily of the Valleys. As the lily among thorns,
So is my love among the daughters. The Prophets
Amos: he was the spokesman of labor class
教的兴起
Christianity based itself on two forceful beliefs which separate if from all other religion a: Jesus Christ is the Son of God. b: God gave his only begotten son
At the heart of Christianity is the life of Jesus 教的蔓延
The chief persecutions were under Nero, Diocletian.
By 305 Diocletian gave up his effort to destroy the young religion.
Soon a war between rivals for the throne followed and was won by Constantine. He, who believed that God had helped him in winning the battle issued the Edict of Milan in 313 and made the Christianity legal.
In 1932A.D., Emperor Theodosius made Christianity the official religion of the empire and outlawed all other religions
After 5-th, Nestorianism reached China
新约
The four accounts were believed to have been written by Matthew, Mark Luke and John, four of Jesus’ early followers
The last Supper and the Crucifixion is from St. John . 圣经的十个版本
1． Septuagint( the oldest extant) Greek
2． Vulgate version(the most ancient extant by Jerome) Latin 3． First English version(translated by Wycliff) 4． William Tyndale’s version 5． The Great Bible by Henry Ⅷ
6． Authorized ／King James version(the most important and influential of English
Bible)
7． American edition of Revised version 8． New King James Bible 9． Good News Bible 10. The New English Bible
第三章
总述
Age of faith(辅导书) 庄园和教堂
Feudalism(见辅导书)
Vassals: in 732 Charles Martel , a ruler gave his soldiers estates known ad fiefs as a
reward for their service, they granted the right to govern large sections of land ad fiefs to great lords ,these lords knows ad vassals.
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Knighthood and Code of Chivalry(见辅导书) 教会组织
The word ―catholic‖ meant ―universal‖ 教父和修道院的生活 St. Jerome
A notable champion of early monasticism
He translate the Bible into Latin from the Hebrew and Greek originals His translation work, the Vulgate , became the official Latin Bible used by the Roman Catholic Church of this day Augustine of Hippo
He lived in North Africa in 5-th century.
His works “the Confessions” and ―the City of God. St. Benedict
He founded Benedictine Rule about 529A.D.
He gave up all his possessions before entering the monarchy. He wore simple clothes and ate only certain simple foods
He could not marry and had to obey without question the orders the abbot (男修
道院院长)
He had to attend service seven times during the day and once at midnight. 天主教的权力和影响
1. Under feudalism, people of western Europe were mainly divided into three classes:
clergy, lords and peasants.
2. In the late Middle Ages only Catholics were considered members of society.
3. most of Kings and nobles could not read and write, they used clergy to carry out
important government duties.
4. For centuries, the clergyman were the only teachers, as they were the best educated
men in their day.
5. People had to pay heavy taxes to their parish churches, art of which passed on to the
Pope in Rome.
6. Nobles and kings often gave lands, crops or cattle to support the church.
7. many high church officials were themselves big landowners and influential nobles 8. The Church even set up a church court--- the inquisition to stamp out so called
heresy. 学术与科学
Charlemagne and Carolingian Renaissance Charlemagne
He temporarily restored order in western and central Europe most important figure of the early medieval period.
He encouraged interest in the Christian religion and ancient learning. 功绩
1. setting up monastery schools 2. giving support to scholars
3. setting scribes to work copying various ancient books Alfred the Great
Ruler of the Anglo-Saxon kingdom of Wessex, contributed greatly to the Medieval European culture..
Founding new monasteries
Promoting translations into the vernacular from the Latin works Inspires the compilation of the Anglo-Saxon Chronicles. St. Thomas
An Italian philosopher and theologian His work ―Summa Contra Gentiles‖ Roger Bacon
A monk, one of the earliest advocates of scientific research , Called for observation and experimentation
Main work “Opus maius” and “encyclopedia of the science of his time”
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民族史诗
Beolwulf is an Anglo-Saxon epic, in alliterative verse, originating from the collective efforts of oral literature.
Song of Roland is the most well-known of a group of French epics known as La Chanson de Gests
Dante Alighieri and the Divine Comedy Dante
The greatest poet of Italy and Also a prose Writer, literary theorist, moral philosopher as well as political thinkers
His masterpiece “Divine Comedy‖
Express humanistic ideas which foreshadowed the spirit of Renaissance
Wrote his masterpiece in Italian rather than in Latin which influenced decisively the evolution of European literature away from its origins in Latin culture to a new varied expression.
第四章文艺复兴和改革
新文学
Giovanni Boccaccio
his work “ Decameron” 《十日谈》 Petrarch
best known for “Canzoniers” 《歌集》 早期复兴的艺术家 Giotto
He was the forerunner of the Renaissance.
His figure were massive rather than graceful and elegant His works “Flight to Egypt” “Betrayal of Judas” Donatello
He was a sculptor His works “David”
“The Gattamelata Equestrian Statue” 《格泰梅拉达骑马塑像》
顶峰时期的艺术家 da Vinci
He was a man of many talents, a Renaissance man in the true sense of the word. His works “Last Supper” “Mona Lisa”
选段：A good painter has two chief objects – to paint man and the intension of his soul. The former is easy, the latter hard „. Michelangelo
He was the towering figure of the Renaissance. His works “David”
“Sistine Chapel” “Dying Slave” “Moses” Raphael
His work “Madonna”
“School of Athens” Titian
He was the most prolific of the great Venetian painters of the western world The father of the modern mode of painting His works “The Venus of Urbino” “Sacred and Profane love”
“Madonna of the Pesaro Family” “Man with the Glove” 法国的文艺复兴 Rabelais
Gargantua and Pantagruel
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Pléiade
Sonnets pour Helene Montaigne
His works “Essays”
“of Repentance”
His famous words ―what do I know?‖ 西班牙的文艺复兴 Cervantes
He was a novelist, a dramatist, and a poet. His work “Don Quixote” 艺术
El Greco(格列柯)
One of the outstanding artists of the Counter-Reformation
His major work “ the Burial of Count Orgaz” 《奥尔加斯伯爵下葬》 北方文艺复兴 Erasmus
He was a great Dutch scholar and humanist His work “The Praise of Folly” 佛兰德的文艺复兴 Bruegel (勃鲁盖尔)
He was a Flemish painter
His works “The Land of Cockayne”《理想之逸乐乡》 “Return of the Hunters” 德国的文艺复兴 Durer
He was the leader of the Renaissance in Germany
His work “ Knight, Death and the Devil”《骑士，死神与魔鬼》
第五章The seventeenth century
总述
1:These scientists abandoned the traditional reliance on authority and the accepted method of “deductive reasoning”《演绎论》
2:New scientific method was developed
3:Nearly all the scientific achievement that modern world were made in 17-th 4:There is new understanding to the man and universe and material
5:The new science and philosophy gave a great push to the political struggle waged by the newly emerged class ,the bourgeoisie, and other class, this set the foundation for democracy. 科学
Copernicus (哥白尼)
The forerunner of the modern science
Chief work “The Revolution of the Heavenly Orbs《天体运行论》 Kepler(凯普勒)
Kepler’s Laws
1:Each planet moves in an ellipse ,not a perfect circle, with the sun at one focus. 2:Each planet moves more rapidly when near the sun than farther from it
3:The distance of each planet from the sun bears a definite relation the time period the planet took to complete revolution around the sun. Galilei （伽利略）
He was the first man to use telescope to universe He invented the first astronomical discovery
He finally proved the Copernicus’ theory with the telescope He discovered Law of inertia(惯性定律) He discovered the law of falling bodies
His main works “The starry Messenger”(天空信使) and “Sidereus Nuncius” Newton (牛顿)
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He invented calculus
He discovered that white light is composed of all the colors of the spectrum His discovery of the law of the universal gravitation
His work “Mathematical Principal of Natural Philosophy”(自然哲学的数学原理) Leibniz (莱布尼兹)
He was a German philosopher , scientist ,mathematician ,historian and diplomat. He opposed the Cartesian account of matter His major works
“New Essays Concerning Human Understanding”, (论人类意识新说) “New Physical Hypothesis”（物理学新假说） “Discourse on Metaphysics”（形而上学论） “New System of Nature （新自然体系）
New Essays Concerning Human Understanding”（人类理解新论） 哲学，政治学，文学（英国） Francis Bacon (略)
Thomas Hobbes(托马斯·霍布斯)
Works : Leviathan(利维坦)
He argued that our knowledge comes from experience
He believed that only material things are perceptible, and knowledge to us . He believed that man is selfish by nature
He held that man are by nature equal in bodily an mental capacities John Locke(约翰洛克)
He was a English empiricist
His works “Essay Concerning Human Understanding” “Treatises of Civil Government”
选段―All men are naturally free and equal in the state of nature .‖ Men living together according to reason without a common„„. 法国古典主义
Descartes (笛卡尔)
His major works “Discourse on Method an Meditation”《方》
“Rules for the direction of the Mind”《指导理智的规则》
“Meditations Concerning First Philosophy and Objects and Replies”《沉思录》
He said ―I doubt, therefore I think ; I think, therefore I am‖ Corneille (高乃依)
He was the first great French neoclassical dramatist His masterpiece “Le Cied”《熙德》 Racine(拉辛)
He was the greatest tragic dramatist of the French neoclassical theatre His representative tragedies “Andromaque”《安德落玛刻》 “Phaedraè” 《菲德尔》 Molière(莫里哀)
He was the best representative dramatist of French classical comedies
Major works “Le Misanthrope”《愤世嫉俗》 “L’Avare” 《吝啬鬼》 “Tartuffe” 《伪君子》 艺术
Baroque Art(解释见课后题) Bernini(贝尔尼尼)
He was a Italian sculptor and architect, and the prominent figure of Italian Baroque. Major works “David”
“The Ecstasy of St. Theresa”《特雷萨的狂喜》 Caravaggio (卡拉瓦乔)
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Major works “The Calling of St. Matthew”《呼唤圣马泰蒙》 “The Cardsharps”《以诈术读纸牌为生者》 Rubens (鲁本斯)
Major works “The Raising of the Cross”《十字架的竖起》 荷兰新教艺术
Rembrandit (伦勃朗)
Major works “Blinding of Samson”《叁孙弄瞎眼》 “The Polish Rider”《波兰骑士》
第六章 启蒙时代
Enlightenment (定义见课后题) 法国的哲学和文学 Montesquieu
Major works “Persian Letters”《波斯人信札》 “The Spirit of the Laws”《论法的精神》 Voltaire (伏尔泰)
Major works “Lettres Anglaise”《哲学书简》 “Candide”《老实人》
Whatever you do, crush the infamous thing and love those who love you. Love truth, but pardon error.
Liberty of thought is the life of the soul.
I disapprove of what you say, but I will defend to the death your right to say it. If God did not exist, it would be necessary to invent him. Rousseau (卢梭)
Major works“The Origin of Human Inequality”《论人类不平等的起源》 “The Social Contract”《民约论》 “The Confessions”《忏悔录》
Nature made men happy and good, but society makes him evil and miserable Diderot (狄德罗)
Encyclopédie
德国文学和哲学 Lessing(莱辛)
Major works “Minna von Barnhelm” 《明娜封，巴尔赫姆》 “Laocoon” 《拉奥孔》
“Hamburgische Dramaturgie”《汉堡剧评》 Goethe (歌德)
Major works “ The Sorrows of Young Werther”《少年维特的烦恼》
A Chinese translation of it by Guo Moruo during the New Culture Movement of 1919 also moved many young Chinese to tears, a situation which draw from the translator these sentimental lines:
青年男子那个不善钟情？ 青年女子那个不善怀春？
“Faust”《浮士德》 Schiller (席勒)
Major works “The Robber”《海盗》
“Cabal and Love”《阴谋与爱情》 “ Wallenstein”《华伦斯坦》 Kant (康德)
Major works “Critique of Pure Reason”《纯粹理性批判》
“ Critique of Practical Reason”《实践理性批判》 ―Critique of Judgment‖《判断力的批判》 音乐 Bach
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Handel 韩德尔 Germany He is good at oratorio 古典时期 Hayden 海顿
Austrian composer Sonata（奏鸣曲） Mozart （莫扎特）
Austrian composer
Concerto(协奏曲)and opera 第七章浪漫主义 Romanticism (定义见课后题) 德国的浪漫主义 Goethe(见上面)
Schiller (席勒) (见上面) Heinrich Heine(海涅)
He was both romantic and classicist. His major work “Book of Songs” 法国的浪漫主义 Hugo (雨果)
His major works “Notre Dame de Paris”《巴黎圣母院》 “ Les Miserables”《悲惨世界》 “Cromwell”《克伦威尔》 George·Sand (乔治·桑) 的浪漫主义 Pushkin (普希金)
He stood in the van of the Roman movement in Russian His work “Eugene Onegin”《叶甫盖尼·奥尼金》 音乐
Beethoven（贝多芬）
German composer
His most important contributions ―sonata‖
His Symphony No.6 marked the beginning of 19th-century program music Schubert (舒伯特)
Austrian Composer
He was the first figure in the history of the German ― Lied‖(浪漫曲) a combination of poetry and music. Chopin (肖邦)
Polish Composer
He was the poet of the piano Schumann (舒曼)
Tchaikovsky (柴可夫斯基)
Russian Composer Swan Lake《天鹅湖》 现实主义
法国的现实主义 Stendhal (司汤达)
His works “The Red and the Black” Balzac (巴尔扎克)
His work “The Human Comedy” Flaubert(福楼拜)
His work “Madame Bovary”《包法利夫人》 Maupassant
His famous works “The Necklace”
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“The Piece of String” “The Umbrella” 的现实主义 Gogol (果戈理)
His work “Dead Soul” Turgenev(屠格涅夫)
His work “A Hunter’s Sketches” 《猎人的笔记》 Dostoyevsky(陀思妥耶夫斯基)
His work “Crime and Punishment” 《罪与恶》 Tolstoy(托尔斯泰)
War and Peace
Anna Karenina《安娜 ·尼娜》 Resurrection 后印象主义
Van Gogh (梵高)
His works ―Starry Night‖ ―Sunflower‖ ―The Night Café
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