2021考研英语写作全攻略(2)(下)

2）中间段 （1）展开方法 ① 列举法(Listing) 常用词语：first, second, third...last firstly, secondly, thirdly...finally to begin with, what’s more, in the end first of all, then, next, moreover, furthermore... in the first pla ___, in the second pla ___, last but not least Social support cushions stress in a number of ways. First, friends, relatives, and co-workers ___y let us know that they value us. Our self-respect is strengthened when we feel aepted by others despite our faults and difficulties. Second, other people often provide us with infor ___tional support. They help us to define and understand our problems and find solutions to them. Third, we typically find social panionship

supportive. Engaging in leisure-time activities with others helps us to meet our social needs while at the same time distracting us from our worries and troubles. Finally, other people ___y give us instrumental support—financial aid, ___terial resour ___s, and needed servi ___s—that redu ___s stress by helping us resolve and cope with our problems.

② 举例法(Exemplification) 常用词语：show, exemplify, illustrate, prove, indicate, exhibit, demonstrate, for example, for instan ___, take...as an example, such as, like, a good case in point 常用句型：There are ___ny examples to prove...Here I will cite just a few. There is enough/convincing/sufficient eviden ___ to prove... Take...as an example. An ___ysis of the above-mentioned cases ___y be useful in explaining... Before you get the idea that economics is relevant only for politics or business, we should mention that economics focuses on all the choi ___s people ___ke and the personal and social consequen ___s of these choi ___s. Some choi ___s involve money, but ___ny do not. Even seemingly non-economic decisions fall within the realm of economics. Most decisions involve attempts to balan ___ costs against benefits, which ___y or ___y not be measurable with money. For example, ___ny costs and benefits are pri ___rily psychological.

③ 定义法(Definition) 常用词语：mean, signify, refer to, constitute, involve, deal with, relate to, be considered to be, be con ___rned with, be defined as 常用句型：... ___y

be defined as... ...means... …is described as… A paragraph ___y be defined as a distinct part of section of any pie ___ of writing, whether of one or more senten ___s, that deals with a particular point of the subject. It is to a senten ___ what a senten ___ is to a word. The term is also applied to a short position consisting of a group of senten ___s dealing with a single topic and closely related to each other.

④ 分类法(Classification) 常用词语：arrange in two/three categories, be classified into a number of groups, fall into the following kinds, be put into several groups 常用句型：...consists of... ... ___y be classified aording to/on the basis of/depending on ... ___y be divided into... There are two ways in which one can own a book. The first is the property right you establish by paying for it, just as you pay for clothes and furniture. But this act of purchase is only the prelude to possession. Full ownership es only when you have ___de it a part of yourself, and the best way to ___ke it a part of yourself is by writing in it. An illustration ___y ___ke the point clear. You buy a beefsteak and transfer it from the butcher’s i ___box to

your own. But you do not own the beefsteak until you consume it and get it into your sto ___ch. I am arguing that books, too, must be absorbed in your sto ___ch to do you any good.

⑤ 比较对比法(Comparison and Contrast) 常用词语：just as, in parison, like, similarly, likewise, correspondingly, similar to, in contrast, on the other hand, on the contrary, unlike, whereas, but, however, yet, while 常用句型：There are some similarities/differen ___s between... We can pare...with... ...has something in mon with... By contrasting...and... ...has little in mon with... ...are different in ___ny ways... Alfred Nobel, the Swedish inventor and industrialist, was a ___n of ___ny sharp contrasts. (1) He was the son of a bankrupt, but became a millionaire; (2) a scientist with a love of literature, (3) an industrialist who ___naged to re ___in an idealist. (4) He ___de a fortune but lived a ___ life, (5) and although cheerful in pany he was often sad in private. (6) A lover of ___nkind, he never had a wife or family to love him; (7) a patriotic son of his native land, he ___d alone on foreign soil. (8) He invented a new explosive, dynamite, to

improve the pea ___time industries of mining and road building, but saw it used as a weapon of war to kill and injure his fellow men.

⑥ 因果法(Cause and Effect) 常用词语：cause, result in, lead to, produ ___, bring about, contribute to, based on, because, sin ___, now that, therefore, thus, consequently, owing to, due to, through, because of, on aount of, as a result, as a consequen ___ 常用句型：There are several reasons for... The reasons why...can be tra ___d to... The causes for...are as follows... Therefore, we can

draw/arrive at/reach/ ___ke the following conclusions... Professors will help students who need it, but prefer that their students not be overly dependent on them. In the United States, professors have other duties besides teaching. Often they are responsible for administrative work within their departments. In addition, they ___y be obliged to publish articles and books. Therefore the time that a professor can spend with a student outside of class is limited. If a student has problems with classroom work, the student should either approach a professor during offi ___ hours or ___ke an appointment.

⑦ 发展过程法 To build your own sun scope, get a carton and cut a hole in one side, big enough to poke your head through. Paste white paper on the inside su ___ ___ that you will be facing. Then punch a pinhole into the opposite side high enough so that the little shaft of light will miss your head. For a sharper i ___ge you can ___ke a better pinhole by cutting a one-inch square hole in the carton, taping a pie ___ of aluminum foil over this hole, and then ___ the pin-hole in the foil. Finally, tape the box shut and cover all light leaks with black tape.

(2) 中间段的常用核心句型 l Although the popular belief is that …, a current (new / re ___nt) study (survey / poll / investigation) indicates (shows / demonstrates) that …. l Common sense ___s us that …. l The increase (change / failure / suess) in … ___inly (largely / partly) results from (arises from / is because of) …. l The increase (change / failure / suess) in … is due to (owing to / attributable to) the fact that …. l Many people would claim that …. l One ___y attribute (ascribe / owe) the increase (decrease / change ) to …, but … is not by

itself an adequate explanation. l One of the reasons given for … is that …. l What is also worth noticing is that …. l There are ___ny (different / several /a number of / a variety of)causes (reasons) for this dra ___tic ( ___rked / significant) growth (change / decline / increase) in …. First, …. Second, …. Finally, …. l There is no eviden ___ to suggest that…. l Why are (is / do / did) …? For one thing, …. For another, …. l Another reason why I dispute the above statement is that …. l It gives rise to (leads to / brings /creates) a host of problems (consequen ___s). l There are numerous reasons why …, and I shall here explore only a few of the most important ones. l It will exert (have / produ ___) profound (far-reaching / re ___rkable / considerable / beneficial / favorable / undesirable / disastrous) effect (influen ___) on …. l A multitude of factors could aount for (contribute to / lead to / result in / influen ___) the change (increase / decrease / suess / failure / development) in …. l In 2000, it increased (rose / jumped / shot up) from 5 to 10 per ___nt of the total (to 15 per ___nt / by 15 per ___nt). l By parison with xx, it decreased (dropped / fell) from 10 to 5 per ___nt (to 15 per ___nt / by 15 per

___nt). l It aounts for 15 per ___nt of the total. l There were 100 traffic aidents in April, an increase of 5 per ___nt in a five-month period. l By xx, only (less than / more than / almost / about / over/ as ___ny as) three quarters (40 per ___nt of / one out of five / one in four) college population (graduates / housewives) as against (as pared with) last year (xx) preferred to (liked) …. l With the development (improvement / rise / growth / general recognition / acknowledgement / realization) of …, vast changes await this country’s society. l Now people in growing (ever-increasing / significant) numbers are beginning (ing / getting) to believe (realize / recognize / understand / aept / see / be aware) that …. l Aording to a(n) re ___nt (new / official) study (survey / report / poll), …. l History (Our society) is filled (abounds) with the examples of …. l The story (case / instan ___ / situation) is not rare (isolated / unique), it is one of ___ny examples (typical of dozens). l A (one) re ___nt (new / general / nationwide) study (survey / poll / investigation) conducted (taken) at a university by (officials / scientists / experts) indicates (reveals / suggests / shows / proves / demonstrates) that …. l

Aording to (As can be seen in / As is shown in) the figures (statistics / findings / data / graph / table) released (provided) by the gover ___ent (an institute), it can be learned (seen / predicted) that …. l There is (no) good (every / little / sufficient / considerable / strong) eviden ___ (proof) to l Personal experien ___ (Examples I heard / read of) leads me to conclude that …. l We must admit the undeniable fact that …. l No one can deny (ignore / doubt / overlook / obscure / brush aside) the fact that …. l Experien ___ (Eviden ___) suggests (shows) that …. l Take for example … who (that) …. l The same is true of …. l As the saying goes, “….”

3）结尾段 （1）写作方法 ① 总结归纳 In conclusion I would like to say that change is a problem confronting most of us today. The changes which have already taken pla ___ in every field of our life are irreversible. Continuation of the growth which has already begun is inevitable. During this evolution there are great rewards to be won—by those who are willing to take the opportunities being offered.

② 重申主题 Admittedly, scien ___ has created atomic bombs and produ ___d pervasive pollution. But it has transformed the lives of millions of people. It has multiplied ___n’s energy, hopes, ambitions and understanding. It has elevated and will continue to elevate ___n in ___ectually and spiritually.

③ 预测展望 It is time that the gover ___ent spoke out against corruption and took strong actions to punish whoever takes bribes or embezzles fund. For present official corruption, if permitted to continue, will not only tarnish the gover ___ent’s popularity, but lead to its ulti ___te downfall.

④ 提出建议 College athletics plays such a vital role that it deserves close attention and persistent effort. It is suggested that physical training should be regarded as a required course wedged into college curricula, however crowded it ___y be, and that a fair share of college budget should be devoted to athletic programs. We sin ___rely hope that this suggestion will be a mitment that all colleges and universities will take up.

⑤ 提出问题 Old people ___y choose to live alone for themselves and even embra ___ this living pattern. But in the deep part of their hearts, they must feel lonely. They need their children to stay with, to talk with, and take care of them. Why can’t young people think of the days when they are getting old?

⑥ 引用格言 Many years ago, a great philosopher Francis Bacon re ___rked that “Knowledge is power.” This can now be translated into contemporary terms. In our social setting, “Knowledge is change”—and aelerating knowledge-acquisition, fueling the great engine of technology, means aelerating change.

（2）核心句型 l From what has been discussed above (Taking into aount all these factors / Judging from all eviden ___ offered), we ___y safely draw (reach / e to / arrive at) the conclusion that …. l All the eviden ___ ( ___ysis) supports (justifies / confirms / warrants / points to) a(n) unshakable (u ___takable / sound / just) conclusion that …. l It is high time that we pla ___d (put) great

(special / considerable) emphasis on the improvement (development / increase / promotion) of …. l It is high time that we put an end to the deep-seated (unhealthy / undesirable / deplorable) situation (tendency / phenomenon) of …. l We must look (search / call / cry) for an immediate action (method / measure), because the present (current) situation (phenomenon / tendency / state / attitude) of …, if permitted (allowed) to continue (pro ___ed), will surely ( ___rtainly) lead to (result in) the end (destruction / heavy cost) of …. l There is no easy (immediate / effective) solution (approach / answer / remedy) to the problem of …, but … might be useful (helpful / beneficial). l No easy method (solution / recipe / remedy) can be at hand (found / guaranteed) to solve (resolve / tackle) the problem of …, but the mon (general / public) recognition of (realization of / awareness of / mitment to) the ne ___ssity (importan ___ / significan ___) of … might be the first step towards change (on the right way / in the right direction). l Following these methods (suggestions) ___y not guarantee the suess in (solution to)…, but the pay-off will be worth the effort. l

Obviously (Clearly / No doubt), if we ignore (are blind to)

the problem, there is every chan ___ that …. l Unless there is a mon realization of (general mitment to) …, it is very likely (the chan ___s are good) that …. l There is little doubt (no denying) that serious (special / adequate / immediate / further) attention must be called (paid / devoted) to the problem of …. l It is ne ___ssary (essential / fundamental) that effective (quick / proper) actions (steps /measures / reme ___s) should be taken to prevent (correct /check / end / fight) the situation (tendency / phenomenon). l It is hoped (suggested / remended) that great (continuous / persistent / sustained / corporate) efforts should be ___de to control (check/ halt / promote) the growth (increase / rise) of …. l It is hoped that great efforts should be directed to (expended on / focused on) finding (developing / improving) …. l It re ___ins to be seen whether …, but the prospect (outlook) is not quite encouraging (that rosy). l Anyhow, wider (more) education (publicity) should be given to the possible (potential / grave /serious / pernicious) consequen ___s (effects) of …. l To reverse (check / control) the trend (tendency) is not a light task (an easy job), and it requires (de ___nds / involves / entails) a different state

of mind towards (attitude towards / outlook on) …. l For these reasons, I strongly remend that …. l For the reasons given above, I feel that ….

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