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汽车座椅的现状及发展趋势

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Leaders: provincial agricultural work Conference held in XX, which is our concern and love, will greatly promote XX agricultural and rural economic development. First of all, I am representing XX municipal party Committee and Government, extend a warm welcome to the attending leaders! XX has been given support and assistance to the province of agriculture, provincial agricultural Office, and expressed heartfelt thanks to all the friends! below, I XX with a brief report. A basic XX of XX municipality located (cities, omitted). One is the superior ecological environment. XX blue, clear, green, water, air, 70% of land in the territory is covered with forests, grasslands, wetlands and waters, built 7 thousands of square kilometers of the total area of nature reserves. Within major industrial pollution sources, air quality at the national level, national levels, water quality, soil pollution, \"pure land\" reputation, was heralded by the United Nations environmental officials \"the most suitable place for human survival.\" Second, the enrichment of natural resources. A total area of more than 5 million mu of arable land (which owned 1.53 million acres), the annual grain output of more than 2 million tons and is located in the internationally recognized gold \"cattle\be more than 400,000 acres of grazing grassland, developing animal husbandry conditions; a total area of 4.1 million acres of forest land, rich in precious wood such as pine, ash, yellow pineapple, standing timber volume of more than 26 million cubic meters. Forest Xia has hundreds of species precious wildlife, more than 200 more species precious herbs, annual Super thousand tons of wild mushroom and reserves Super 100,000 tons of mountain dish; nectar plant throughout, can bee 100,000 group, is China \"bee of Xiang\national Northeast black bee reserves and important of bee products production base; can using water 2.5 billion cubimetres, should be fishing water 460,000 acres, rich big salmon, and \"three spent five Luo\h cold water specialty fish; found and proved reserves of mineral resources has 36 species. Third, geopolitical advantages. XX open midpoint is located in the eastern part of the province along the border, 2 km long border, with national road passenger and freight transport port, built on the border between China and Russia has the largest permanent boundary River Bridge, running at full capacity the annual cargo capacity of up to 2.6 million tons. Russia two (HABA and Marina), two cities (Iman and Lesozavodsk) is the Russian Far East in developed areas. Lesozavodsk is only 8 km from XX port corresponding to the port of markovo, Lu Rinuo station is one of three railway marshalling yards in the far East, the far East-Siberian railway and a parallel road runs through the pass. By rail and road, to the North by HABA capital Khabarovsk, the Russian hinterland, radiation in the CIS and Eastern European countries; to the South through the port of Vladivostok and the nahuo card on the sea, to reach South Korea, Japan and other Pacific Rim countries and regions. Four is rich in tourism resources. XX tourist resources types, many attractions, beautiful scenery of the Sino-Russian border-river-wusuli River, a famous treasure island, known as the \"Oriental Maginot line\" of the Japanese invading army Tiger underground fortress ruins, General Chi安徽汽车职业技术学院

毕业论文

课 题:汽车座椅的现状及发展趋势

专 业: 汽车检测与维修技术

学生姓名: 魏涛

指导教师: 王岑

2012年11月1日

Leaders: provincial agricultural work Conference held in XX, which is our concern and love, will greatly promote XX agricultural and rural economic development. First of all, I am representing XX municipal party Committee and Government, extend a warm welcome to the attending leaders! XX has been given support and assistance to the province of agriculture, provincial agricultural Office, and expressed heartfelt thanks to all the friends! below, I XX with a brief report. A basic XX of XX municipality located (cities, omitted). One is the superior ecological environment. XX blue, clear, green, water, air, 70% of land in the territory is covered with forests, grasslands, wetlands and waters, built 7 thousands of square kilometers of the total area of nature reserves. Within major industrial pollution sources, air quality at the national level, national levels, water quality, soil pollution, \"pure land\" reputation, was heralded by the United Nations environmental officials \"the most suitable place for human survival.\" Second, the enrichment of natural resources. A total area of more than 5 million mu of arable land (which owned 1.53 million acres), the annual grain output of more than 2 million tons and is located in the internationally recognized gold \"cattle\be more than 400,000 acres of grazing grassland, developing animal husbandry conditions; a total area of 4.1 million acres of forest land, rich in precious wood such as pine, ash, yellow pineapple, standing timber volume of more than 26 million cubic meters. Forest Xia has hundreds of species precious wildlife, more than 200 more species precious herbs, annual Super thousand tons of wild mushroom and reserves Super 100,000 tons of mountain dish; nectar plant throughout, can bee 100,000 group, is China \"bee of Xiang\national Northeast black bee reserves and important of bee products production base; can using water 2.5 billion cubimetres, should be fishing water 460,000 acres, rich big salmon, and \"three spent five Luo\h cold water specialty fish; found and proved reserves of mineral resources has 36 species. Third, geopolitical advantages. XX open midpoint is located in the eastern part of the province along the border, 2 km long border, with national road passenger and freight transport port, built on the border between China and Russia has the largest permanent boundary River Bridge, running at full capacity the annual cargo capacity of up to 2.6 million tons. Russia two (HABA and Marina), two cities (Iman and Lesozavodsk) is the Russian Far East in developed areas. Lesozavodsk is only 8 km from XX port corresponding to the port of markovo, Lu Rinuo station is one of three railway marshalling yards in the far East, the far East-Siberian railway and a parallel road runs through the pass. By rail and road, to the North by HABA capital Khabarovsk, the Russian hinterland, radiation in the CIS and Eastern European countries; to the South through the port of Vladivostok and the nahuo card on the sea, to reach South Korea, Japan and other Pacific Rim countries and regions. Four is rich in tourism resources. XX tourist resources types, many attractions, beautiful scenery of the Sino-Russian border-river-wusuli River, a famous treasure island, known as the \"Oriental Maginot line\" of the Japanese invading army Tiger underground fortress ruins, General Chi摘要;

本文主要介绍汽车座椅的发展现状以及来发展趋势的预测。汽车在我国的发展比较晚,而汽车座椅是人与汽车直接接触的界面,人们驾乘汽车的舒适性主要与座椅有关,在汽车界也属于重点发展对象之一。因此,我们需要对汽车座椅的发展状况有所掌握,对汽车座椅的发展历程有所了解,根据当今的市场对和座椅的发展状况进行评估、分析,从而更好的掌握中国汽车座椅的未来发展趋势,建设更强劲的中国汽车。本文通过对汽车座椅的阐述从性能,发展历程,市场现状的分析,面临的问题和对为来汽车座椅的猜想进行的汽车座椅发展趋势的阐述。个人研究的重点:汽车座椅的性能、设计,发展现状,发展历程,发展面临的问题,市场分析,未来趋势的预测。

关键词:发展状况,市场需求,分析预测,发展趋势。

Abstract;

This paper mainly introduces the current situation of the development of the car seat and to the development trend of the prediction. Car in the development of our country is late, and the car seat is in direct contact with the car of the interface, people coming by car comfort with the main seat in motor-dom also belong to focus on the development of one of the object. Therefore, we need to the development of the car seat, a solid grasp of the development of car seat to understand somewhat, according to the current market for and seat developing situation of the evaluation, analysis, so as to better grasp China car seat of the trend of future development, building a more robust Chinese car. This article through to the car seat on the performance, the development course, present market situation analysis, are faced with the problem and to guess to car seat of car seat the development trend of the paper. Individual research key points: the performance of the car seat, design, development present situation, the development, the development of the problems they faced, and market analysis, the prediction of future trends.

Keywords; development, market demand, analysis, forecast development trend.

2

Leaders: provincial agricultural work Conference held in XX, which is our concern and love, will greatly promote XX agricultural and rural economic development. First of all, I am representing XX municipal party Committee and Government, extend a warm welcome to the attending leaders! XX has been given support and assistance to the province of agriculture, provincial agricultural Office, and expressed heartfelt thanks to all the friends! below, I XX with a brief report. A basic XX of XX municipality located (cities, omitted). One is the superior ecological environment. XX blue, clear, green, water, air, 70% of land in the territory is covered with forests, grasslands, wetlands and waters, built 7 thousands of square kilometers of the total area of nature reserves. Within major industrial pollution sources, air quality at the national level, national levels, water quality, soil pollution, \"pure land\" reputation, was heralded by the United Nations environmental officials \"the most suitable place for human survival.\" Second, the enrichment of natural resources. A total area of more than 5 million mu of arable land (which owned 1.53 million acres), the annual grain output of more than 2 million tons and is located in the internationally recognized gold \"cattle\be more than 400,000 acres of grazing grassland, developing animal husbandry conditions; a total area of 4.1 million acres of forest land, rich in precious wood such as pine, ash, yellow pineapple, standing timber volume of more than 26 million cubic meters. Forest Xia has hundreds of species precious wildlife, more than 200 more species precious herbs, annual Super thousand tons of wild mushroom and reserves Super 100,000 tons of mountain dish; nectar plant throughout, can bee 100,000 group, is China \"bee of Xiang\national Northeast black bee reserves and important of bee products production base; can using water 2.5 billion cubimetres, should be fishing water 460,000 acres, rich big salmon, and \"three spent five Luo\h cold water specialty fish; found and proved reserves of mineral resources has 36 species. Third, geopolitical advantages. XX open midpoint is located in the eastern part of the province along the border, 2 km long border, with national road passenger and freight transport port, built on the border between China and Russia has the largest permanent boundary River Bridge, running at full capacity the annual cargo capacity of up to 2.6 million tons. Russia two (HABA and Marina), two cities (Iman and Lesozavodsk) is the Russian Far East in developed areas. Lesozavodsk is only 8 km from XX port corresponding to the port of markovo, Lu Rinuo station is one of three railway marshalling yards in the far East, the far East-Siberian railway and a parallel road runs through the pass. By rail and road, to the North by HABA capital Khabarovsk, the Russian hinterland, radiation in the CIS and Eastern European countries; to the South through the port of Vladivostok and the nahuo card on the sea, to reach South Korea, Japan and other Pacific Rim countries and regions. Four is rich in tourism resources. XX tourist resources types, many attractions, beautiful scenery of the Sino-Russian border-river-wusuli River, a famous treasure island, known as the \"Oriental Maginot line\" of the Japanese invading army Tiger underground fortress ruins, General Chi目录

第一章 绪论..................................................................................... 错误!未定义书签。 第二章 汽车座椅的相关介绍 ......................................................... 错误!未定义书签。

1.1汽车座椅的作用性能及设计 ............................................ 错误!未定义书签。

1.1.1作用 ........................................................................ 错误!未定义书签。 1.1.2设计要求 ................................................................ 错误!未定义书签。 1.2汽车座椅的结构和分类 .................................................... 错误!未定义书签。

1.2.1汽车座椅的结构 .................................................... 错误!未定义书签。 1.2.2汽车座椅的分类 .................................................... 错误!未定义书签。

第三章 汽车座椅的研究现状及发展趋势 ..................................... 错误!未定义书签。

3.1汽车座椅的研究现状 ........................................................ 错误!未定义书签。 3.2汽车座椅的发展趋势 ........................................................ 错误!未定义书签。

3.2.1汽车座椅发展状况分析 ........................................ 错误!未定义书签。 3.2.2目前汽车座椅在国际上的发展趋势 .................... 错误!未定义书签。

第四章 中国汽车座椅行业市场需求分析 ..................................... 错误!未定义书签。

4.1汽车座椅市场运行情况 .................................................... 错误!未定义书签。 4.2汽车座椅市场需求 ............................................................ 错误!未定义书签。

4.2.1安全性 .................................................................... 错误!未定义书签。 4.2.2舒适性 .................................................................... 错误!未定义书签。 4.2.3外观性 .................................................................... 错误!未定义书签。

第五章 2012——2017年中国汽车座椅发展趋势分析及预测 .... 错误!未定义书签。

5.1汽车座椅行业发展的因素 ................................................ 错误!未定义书签。

5.1.1有利因素 ................................................................ 错误!未定义书签。 5.1.2不利因素 ................................................................ 错误!未定义书签。 5.2汽车座椅行列进入新时期 ................................................ 错误!未定义书签。

5.2.1较高的产品质量要求 ............................................ 错误!未定义书签。 5.3新型汽车座椅的发展 ........................................................ 错误!未定义书签。 5.4国家对汽车产业的大力支持 ............................................ 错误!未定义书签。

3

Leaders: provincial agricultural work Conference held in XX, which is our concern and love, will greatly promote XX agricultural and rural economic development. First of all, I am representing XX municipal party Committee and Government, extend a warm welcome to the attending leaders! XX has been given support and assistance to the province of agriculture, provincial agricultural Office, and expressed heartfelt thanks to all the friends! below, I XX with a brief report. A basic XX of XX municipality located (cities, omitted). One is the superior ecological environment. XX blue, clear, green, water, air, 70% of land in the territory is covered with forests, grasslands, wetlands and waters, built 7 thousands of square kilometers of the total area of nature reserves. Within major industrial pollution sources, air quality at the national level, national levels, water quality, soil pollution, \"pure land\" reputation, was heralded by the United Nations environmental officials \"the most suitable place for human survival.\" Second, the enrichment of natural resources. A total area of more than 5 million mu of arable land (which owned 1.53 million acres), the annual grain output of more than 2 million tons and is located in the internationally recognized gold \"cattle\be more than 400,000 acres of grazing grassland, developing animal husbandry conditions; a total area of 4.1 million acres of forest land, rich in precious wood such as pine, ash, yellow pineapple, standing timber volume of more than 26 million cubic meters. Forest Xia has hundreds of species precious wildlife, more than 200 more species precious herbs, annual Super thousand tons of wild mushroom and reserves Super 100,000 tons of mountain dish; nectar plant throughout, can bee 100,000 group, is China \"bee of Xiang\national Northeast black bee reserves and important of bee products production base; can using water 2.5 billion cubimetres, should be fishing water 460,000 acres, rich big salmon, and \"three spent five Luo\h cold water specialty fish; found and proved reserves of mineral resources has 36 species. Third, geopolitical advantages. XX open midpoint is located in the eastern part of the province along the border, 2 km long border, with national road passenger and freight transport port, built on the border between China and Russia has the largest permanent boundary River Bridge, running at full capacity the annual cargo capacity of up to 2.6 million tons. Russia two (HABA and Marina), two cities (Iman and Lesozavodsk) is the Russian Far East in developed areas. Lesozavodsk is only 8 km from XX port corresponding to the port of markovo, Lu Rinuo station is one of three railway marshalling yards in the far East, the far East-Siberian railway and a parallel road runs through the pass. By rail and road, to the North by HABA capital Khabarovsk, the Russian hinterland, radiation in the CIS and Eastern European countries; to the South through the port of Vladivostok and the nahuo card on the sea, to reach South Korea, Japan and other Pacific Rim countries and regions. Four is rich in tourism resources. XX tourist resources types, many attractions, beautiful scenery of the Sino-Russian border-river-wusuli River, a famous treasure island, known as the \"Oriental Maginot line\" of the Japanese invading army Tiger underground fortress ruins, General Chi第一章 绪论

汽车座椅属于汽车的基本装置,是汽车的重要安全部件。在汽车中它将人体和车身联系在一起,直接关系到乘员的驾乘舒适性和安全性。1886年德国人戴姆勒制成了最早的汽车座椅,其座垫是以棉花等软填料作为芯子,靠背是用木板和木条围成。一百多年来,随着汽车的发展和人们要求的不断提高,汽车座椅已不再是单纯满足乘坐和美观需要的车身部件,而是关系到汽车的驾乘舒适性和安全性,集人机工程学、机械振动、控制工程等为一体的系统工程产品。众所周知,我国的汽车工业起步较晚,技术落后和缺乏自主研发能力等长期存在的问题仍未得到根本解决。技术的发展要围绕人的需求来展开,产品和环境的设计要更好地适应和满足人类的各种需求,这种观点已逐渐在产品的设计生产者和消费者中形成共识。现代的工业设计师已经意识到产品是否能够被用户接受及被接受的程度不仅仅取决于产品的市场因素,而且越来越多地取决于产品的外观造型和人机工程学设计。汽车座椅主要供应给乘用车车制造企业。2011年我国客车共销售40.34万辆,同比增长13.25%;中汽协会预计,2012年汽车市场需求有望高于上年,全年产销增速也将快于上年,但总体会继续保持平稳增长,预计2012年全年汽车销量在2000万辆左右,增长率为8%。其中,预计全年客车销量约在44.3万辆左右,增长率在10%以上。汽车是二十世纪最显著的人文标志之一,它改变了人们的生活方式以及对时空和价值的观念,为丰富人类社会的物质生活和精神文明做出了巨大贡献。本文研究了人的坐姿舒适度及生理特性,研究了人与座椅的人机关系。汽车的发展也成为许多企业所关注的重中之重。在这一基础上,结合我国汽车座椅的设计和使用现状,找出现有汽车座椅的不足,分析座椅市场的状况对汽车座椅未来的发展做出评估。汽车座椅主要供应给乘用车车制造企业。

4

Leaders: provincial agricultural work Conference held in XX, which is our concern and love, will greatly promote XX agricultural and rural economic development. First of all, I am representing XX municipal party Committee and Government, extend a warm welcome to the attending leaders! XX has been given support and assistance to the province of agriculture, provincial agricultural Office, and expressed heartfelt thanks to all the friends! below, I XX with a brief report. A basic XX of XX municipality located (cities, omitted). One is the superior ecological environment. XX blue, clear, green, water, air, 70% of land in the territory is covered with forests, grasslands, wetlands and waters, built 7 thousands of square kilometers of the total area of nature reserves. Within major industrial pollution sources, air quality at the national level, national levels, water quality, soil pollution, \"pure land\" reputation, was heralded by the United Nations environmental officials \"the most suitable place for human survival.\" Second, the enrichment of natural resources. A total area of more than 5 million mu of arable land (which owned 1.53 million acres), the annual grain output of more than 2 million tons and is located in the internationally recognized gold \"cattle\be more than 400,000 acres of grazing grassland, developing animal husbandry conditions; a total area of 4.1 million acres of forest land, rich in precious wood such as pine, ash, yellow pineapple, standing timber volume of more than 26 million cubic meters. Forest Xia has hundreds of species precious wildlife, more than 200 more species precious herbs, annual Super thousand tons of wild mushroom and reserves Super 100,000 tons of mountain dish; nectar plant throughout, can bee 100,000 group, is China \"bee of Xiang\national Northeast black bee reserves and important of bee products production base; can using water 2.5 billion cubimetres, should be fishing water 460,000 acres, rich big salmon, and \"three spent five Luo\h cold water specialty fish; found and proved reserves of mineral resources has 36 species. Third, geopolitical advantages. XX open midpoint is located in the eastern part of the province along the border, 2 km long border, with national road passenger and freight transport port, built on the border between China and Russia has the largest permanent boundary River Bridge, running at full capacity the annual cargo capacity of up to 2.6 million tons. Russia two (HABA and Marina), two cities (Iman and Lesozavodsk) is the Russian Far East in developed areas. Lesozavodsk is only 8 km from XX port corresponding to the port of markovo, Lu Rinuo station is one of three railway marshalling yards in the far East, the far East-Siberian railway and a parallel road runs through the pass. By rail and road, to the North by HABA capital Khabarovsk, the Russian hinterland, radiation in the CIS and Eastern European countries; to the South through the port of Vladivostok and the nahuo card on the sea, to reach South Korea, Japan and other Pacific Rim countries and regions. Four is rich in tourism resources. XX tourist resources types, many attractions, beautiful scenery of the Sino-Russian border-river-wusuli River, a famous treasure island, known as the \"Oriental Maginot line\" of the Japanese invading army Tiger underground fortress ruins, General Chi第二章 汽车座椅的相关介绍

1.1汽车座椅的作用性能及设计

图1.1

1.1.1作用

座椅最重要的作用是支承驾驶员和乘客身体。同时使人更方便、舒适的操作汽车的整车系统。为在汽车减速时不使身体向前移,着座面的前方设计得稍高一些。尤其是注重运动性的汽车,采用将身体深深包起的凹背式座椅。在不改变姿势长时间乘坐时,往往认为驾驶员座椅柔软些好。但在座椅适合自己体形的前提下,表面硬一些的座椅不容易使人产生疲劳。而与自己体形不符的硬座椅会压迫身体的某一部分,使疲劳成倍增加,严重时会感到疼痛。

性能:⑴全系统 ⑵通风循环 ⑶抽湿制冷 ⑷座椅加热 ⑸微震按摩 ⑹远红发射 ⑺智能温控⑻人体感应 ⑼过压/欠压保护 ⑽漏电安全保护 ⑾蓄电池低压保护 ⑿低能耗技术 ⒀传感器关闭延时

1.1.2设计要求

目前,有很多因素都在一定程度上影响着汽车座椅的设计。比如:日益严格的环保法规及车辆安全法规、乘坐人员数量的变化、油价上涨、原材料价格的改变等,但是消费者的需求始终是影响汽车座椅设计的最大因素。消费者对汽车座椅的要求主要有安全性、舒适性、便捷性、环保性和配置的灵活多样性。在这种情况下,设计人员在进行汽车座椅设计时应遵循以下几个原则。(1)产品安全。座椅作为安全部件,在被动保护中起决定性作用。首先,在发生事故时它要保证乘坐人员处在自身的生存空间之内,并防止其他车载体进入这个空间。其次,要使乘坐人员在事故发生过程中,保持一定的坐姿,以使其他的约束系统能充分发挥其保护效能。除具有防止事故发生的功能外,座椅还应具有在乘坐人员与其发生碰撞时,使乘坐人员的伤害减轻到最低的性能,即座椅能够吸收乘坐人员与之碰撞时产生的能量。座椅骨架结构的设计,调角器、滑轨等核心部件的选型都应在基于满足安全性条件的基础上进行。(2)舒适。合理的座椅设计能使乘客保持良好的坐姿,使其脊柱自然弯曲,保证合理的体压分布并使其肌肉松弛,使乘客上身通向大腿的血管不受压迫,血液循环正常;并具有腰椎依托感、腰背部贴和感和侧向稳定感。能有效隔离或衰减汽车在行驶过程中产生的振动,

5

Leaders: provincial agricultural work Conference held in XX, which is our concern and love, will greatly promote XX agricultural and rural economic development. First of all, I am representing XX municipal party Committee and Government, extend a warm welcome to the attending leaders! XX has been given support and assistance to the province of agriculture, provincial agricultural Office, and expressed heartfelt thanks to all the friends! below, I XX with a brief report. A basic XX of XX municipality located (cities, omitted). One is the superior ecological environment. XX blue, clear, green, water, air, 70% of land in the territory is covered with forests, grasslands, wetlands and waters, built 7 thousands of square kilometers of the total area of nature reserves. Within major industrial pollution sources, air quality at the national level, national levels, water quality, soil pollution, \"pure land\" reputation, was heralded by the United Nations environmental officials \"the most suitable place for human survival.\" Second, the enrichment of natural resources. A total area of more than 5 million mu of arable land (which owned 1.53 million acres), the annual grain output of more than 2 million tons and is located in the internationally recognized gold \"cattle\be more than 400,000 acres of grazing grassland, developing animal husbandry conditions; a total area of 4.1 million acres of forest land, rich in precious wood such as pine, ash, yellow pineapple, standing timber volume of more than 26 million cubic meters. Forest Xia has hundreds of species precious wildlife, more than 200 more species precious herbs, annual Super thousand tons of wild mushroom and reserves Super 100,000 tons of mountain dish; nectar plant throughout, can bee 100,000 group, is China \"bee of Xiang\national Northeast black bee reserves and important of bee products production base; can using water 2.5 billion cubimetres, should be fishing water 460,000 acres, rich big salmon, and \"three spent five Luo\h cold water specialty fish; found and proved reserves of mineral resources has 36 species. Third, geopolitical advantages. XX open midpoint is located in the eastern part of the province along the border, 2 km long border, with national road passenger and freight transport port, built on the border between China and Russia has the largest permanent boundary River Bridge, running at full capacity the annual cargo capacity of up to 2.6 million tons. Russia two (HABA and Marina), two cities (Iman and Lesozavodsk) is the Russian Far East in developed areas. Lesozavodsk is only 8 km from XX port corresponding to the port of markovo, Lu Rinuo station is one of three railway marshalling yards in the far East, the far East-Siberian railway and a parallel road runs through the pass. By rail and road, to the North by HABA capital Khabarovsk, the Russian hinterland, radiation in the CIS and Eastern European countries; to the South through the port of Vladivostok and the nahuo card on the sea, to reach South Korea, Japan and other Pacific Rim countries and regions. Four is rich in tourism resources. XX tourist resources types, many attractions, beautiful scenery of the Sino-Russian border-river-wusuli River, a famous treasure island, known as the \"Oriental Maginot line\" of the Japanese invading army Tiger underground fortress ruins, General Chi满足大多数鸳乘者坐姿舒适的要求。汽车座椅设计应该充分考虑人体尺寸、人体重量和乘坐姿势等因素。座椅布置、造型外形尺寸、海绵泡沫的性能等都会影响座椅的舒适性。 (3)操作便利。座椅还需操纵方便,调节手柄和按钮的布置必须在驾乘者伸手可及的位置,并符合常人的操作习惯且操纵力量适中。(4)造型美观。座椅外观造型、面料颜色和质感要与整车造型协调一致,设计人员要充分考虑和分析驾乘人员在使用汽车过程中各感官知觉的需求。(5)配置多样性。座椅配置多样性包括座椅功能的多样性(座椅前后调节、上下调节及腰部支撑调节、座椅可翻转、折叠等功能)及座椅形式多样性(后排座椅采用连体座椅或是座椅)等,最大限度地满足不同客户群的需求

根据汽车座椅的功用及性能,有如下的设计要求:⑴座椅的尺寸和形状应使人体具有合适的坐姿并符合国家标准,并能调整其尺寸与位置来保证驾乘的舒适性。⑵座椅应有良好的动态舒适性,以缓和与衰减车身传给人体的冲击和振动,使驾驶员在各种道路条件下长期工作不感到疲劳或减轻疲劳,使乘员在行驶中感到舒适。⑶座椅应有足够的强度和刚度,寿命长。并能在发生事故时尽量减少乘员的受伤程度,即具有足够的座椅安全性 ⑷制造工艺简单,质量小,成本低。⑸能保证视野良好,驾驶员工作时操作方便,座椅调节轻便。⑹外形及色彩美观大方,与车身内饰及整车外观协调。⑺座椅布置及性能应符合车辆用途及总体设计要求

1.2汽车座椅的结构和分类

1.2.1汽车座椅的结构

汽车座椅已不是单纯满足乘坐和美观需要的车身部件,而是关系到汽车的乘坐舒适性和安全性,集人机工程学、机械振动、控制工程等为一体的系统工程产品。汽车座椅一般由头枕、靠背、调节装置、座垫和座椅连接件等组成,汽车座椅骨架是汽车座椅的基础结构,可分为靠背骨架和座垫骨架两部分。座椅骨架常用轧制型材(钢管、型钢)制成或用钢板冲压焊接而成,并用螺钉直接固定或通过座椅调节机构固定在车身上。座椅行程调节装置、靠背角度调节装置、限位装置等是与座椅相关的一些机械装置。其中座椅行程调节装置是安装在座垫骨架和地板之间,调节座椅与地板的前后和上下位置的机械装置。靠背角度调节装置安装在座垫骨架和靠背骨架之间,是用来调节座椅靠背角度的机械装置。

1.2.2汽车座椅的分类

座椅的分类方法很多,按功用可分为:驾驶员座椅、乘员座椅、儿童安全座椅;按形状可分为:分离式、戽斗式、半分离式、长凳式;按性能可分为:固定式、可拆式、调节式;按乘坐人数可分为:单人、双人、多人等。近年来,随着汽车工业的发展,陆续开发出许多具有特殊功能的座椅,如冷热可调式座椅、防下滑式座椅、带按摩功能的座椅、带电子记忆调节装置座椅、空气悬挂式座椅等,使乘坐的舒适性、安全性及方便性得到了提高。

第三章 汽车座椅的研究现状及发展趋势

随着汽车工业的高速发展,对汽车座椅的要求也越来越高。为了进一步提高座椅的舒适性及安全性,汽车生产企业及汽车零部件生产企业也在不断地加大对汽车座椅的研发力度,在座椅的新结构、新工艺、新材料的研发及应用领域下工夫。顺应汽车技术“绿色”和安全的发展潮流.轻量化、模块化,以及更注重安全性、环保型、舒适性,将会成为未来汽车座椅设计的发展趋势。

6

Leaders: provincial agricultural work Conference held in XX, which is our concern and love, will greatly promote XX agricultural and rural economic development. First of all, I am representing XX municipal party Committee and Government, extend a warm welcome to the attending leaders! XX has been given support and assistance to the province of agriculture, provincial agricultural Office, and expressed heartfelt thanks to all the friends! below, I XX with a brief report. A basic XX of XX municipality located (cities, omitted). One is the superior ecological environment. XX blue, clear, green, water, air, 70% of land in the territory is covered with forests, grasslands, wetlands and waters, built 7 thousands of square kilometers of the total area of nature reserves. Within major industrial pollution sources, air quality at the national level, national levels, water quality, soil pollution, \"pure land\" reputation, was heralded by the United Nations environmental officials \"the most suitable place for human survival.\" Second, the enrichment of natural resources. A total area of more than 5 million mu of arable land (which owned 1.53 million acres), the annual grain output of more than 2 million tons and is located in the internationally recognized gold \"cattle\be more than 400,000 acres of grazing grassland, developing animal husbandry conditions; a total area of 4.1 million acres of forest land, rich in precious wood such as pine, ash, yellow pineapple, standing timber volume of more than 26 million cubic meters. Forest Xia has hundreds of species precious wildlife, more than 200 more species precious herbs, annual Super thousand tons of wild mushroom and reserves Super 100,000 tons of mountain dish; nectar plant throughout, can bee 100,000 group, is China \"bee of Xiang\national Northeast black bee reserves and important of bee products production base; can using water 2.5 billion cubimetres, should be fishing water 460,000 acres, rich big salmon, and \"three spent five Luo\h cold water specialty fish; found and proved reserves of mineral resources has 36 species. Third, geopolitical advantages. XX open midpoint is located in the eastern part of the province along the border, 2 km long border, with national road passenger and freight transport port, built on the border between China and Russia has the largest permanent boundary River Bridge, running at full capacity the annual cargo capacity of up to 2.6 million tons. Russia two (HABA and Marina), two cities (Iman and Lesozavodsk) is the Russian Far East in developed areas. Lesozavodsk is only 8 km from XX port corresponding to the port of markovo, Lu Rinuo station is one of three railway marshalling yards in the far East, the far East-Siberian railway and a parallel road runs through the pass. By rail and road, to the North by HABA capital Khabarovsk, the Russian hinterland, radiation in the CIS and Eastern European countries; to the South through the port of Vladivostok and the nahuo card on the sea, to reach South Korea, Japan and other Pacific Rim countries and regions. Four is rich in tourism resources. XX tourist resources types, many attractions, beautiful scenery of the Sino-Russian border-river-wusuli River, a famous treasure island, known as the \"Oriental Maginot line\" of the Japanese invading army Tiger underground fortress ruins, General Chi轻量化要求 鉴于汽车节能及降低汽车重量这一发展趋势,座椅的减重也被赋予重大意义。目前.已经有部分汽车及零配件生产厂家运用了各种高强度钢材及铝合金等材料代替原有材料,满足了座椅强度的要求,同时又能降低座椅重量。

⑴ 模块化 将各种标准化部件组合成独特的模块,形成不同的平台化结构。进行产品开发时,可以从一整套灵活机动的组合构件中有选择地组成座椅系统配置,不仅能减少投资,同时还能节省研发时间和成本。

⑵安全性 为了增强座椅的安全性,各种新技术也将越来越多地运用到座椅系统中,例如自适应主动头枕、带有被带或者安全带的靠背支撑系统,保护头部、躯体、臀的安全气囊等。

⑶舒适性 如今,座椅的舒适性不仅要让驾乘人员坐在座椅上时感到舒服,还应综合考虑驾乘人员的各种感官知觉(比如视觉、触觉、听觉和嗅觉)、心里感觉和功能性感觉(是否符合人际工程)等,这将在未来的座中变得越来越重要。电动座椅、腰托和按摩系统、座椅加热的通风装置、双密度的坐垫泡沫等技术的普及也将大大提升座椅的舒适性

⑷环保性 目前,在座椅的设计和开发过程更注重采用“绿色”和可再生环保材料,例如采用可再生的原材料生产发泡产品等。另外,轻量化的产品设计,即采用更少的材料也是提高产品环保性的一大举措。

3.1汽车座椅的研究现状

国外的座椅研究是伴随着汽车的诞生而开始的,经历了百余年的历史,发展非常成熟,与座椅相关的安全标准和法规已经十分完善。目前国内已经有了很多座椅生产厂家。借助合资的优势,他们掌握了部分设计和生产技术,但核心技术还是只有国外少数几家生产商掌握,国内的自主设计和研发仍停留在起步阶段。 落后的设计方法是阻碍我国座椅发展的重要因素。目前国内许多的座椅生产厂商还在继续沿用传统的串连生产方式,致使设计成本高,开发周期长。而一旦出现产品质量不合格的情况,往往采取盲目加大管径、壁厚或板厚的办法。这种做法虽然能使座椅薄弱部分的性能有所改变,但会使座椅强度和刚度余量偏大,造成不必要的材料浪费,无形中提高了产品的成本。设计方法的落后还体现在座椅设计的辅助研究手段上。目前仍有很多座椅设计和生产厂家不具备高水准的计算机辅助设计和辅助分析能力,只能沿用传统的设计方法和流程,而且对座椅安全性的认识还只是停留在国家法规要求上,阻碍了座椅设计的发展。我国的座椅安全性标准虽然是参考国外座椅标准制定的,但内容相对简单,要求也偏低。以座椅总成静强度为例,我国标准中要求座椅总成能承受20倍总成重力的载荷,而德国的企业标准中有的则要求其能够承受24倍甚至更高的总成重力的载荷。针对承受冲击时的座椅安全性,国外已经开展了相关的研究,而我国的一些企业由于对座椅研发重视不够,尚未开展专门的研究,这不仅给座椅的安全带来隐患,而且制约了座椅的发展。随着现代汽车设计对安全、环保和节能的要求,在保证汽车座椅安全性的基础上,国外座椅结构设计也开始向轻量化、低成本的方向发展,越来越多的新制造技术和轻质材料开始广泛的应用于现代汽车座椅设计。因此,我国的座椅安全性研究急需大量技术和资金的投入,才能缩小与先进水平的差距,开发出适合我国生产现状的安全、轻量、低成本的座椅。

3.2汽车座椅的发展趋势

3.2.1汽车座椅发展状况分析

如今,汽车的功能已不单纯是代步,而是集工作、休闲、个性展示、身份象征于一体。汽车座椅也不再是简单的一个座椅。而是应市场需求,被厂家赋予了更多的功能。比如温度

7

Leaders: provincial agricultural work Conference held in XX, which is our concern and love, will greatly promote XX agricultural and rural economic development. First of all, I am representing XX municipal party Committee and Government, extend a warm welcome to the attending leaders! XX has been given support and assistance to the province of agriculture, provincial agricultural Office, and expressed heartfelt thanks to all the friends! below, I XX with a brief report. A basic XX of XX municipality located (cities, omitted). One is the superior ecological environment. XX blue, clear, green, water, air, 70% of land in the territory is covered with forests, grasslands, wetlands and waters, built 7 thousands of square kilometers of the total area of nature reserves. Within major industrial pollution sources, air quality at the national level, national levels, water quality, soil pollution, \"pure land\" reputation, was heralded by the United Nations environmental officials \"the most suitable place for human survival.\" Second, the enrichment of natural resources. A total area of more than 5 million mu of arable land (which owned 1.53 million acres), the annual grain output of more than 2 million tons and is located in the internationally recognized gold \"cattle\be more than 400,000 acres of grazing grassland, developing animal husbandry conditions; a total area of 4.1 million acres of forest land, rich in precious wood such as pine, ash, yellow pineapple, standing timber volume of more than 26 million cubic meters. Forest Xia has hundreds of species precious wildlife, more than 200 more species precious herbs, annual Super thousand tons of wild mushroom and reserves Super 100,000 tons of mountain dish; nectar plant throughout, can bee 100,000 group, is China \"bee of Xiang\national Northeast black bee reserves and important of bee products production base; can using water 2.5 billion cubimetres, should be fishing water 460,000 acres, rich big salmon, and \"three spent five Luo\h cold water specialty fish; found and proved reserves of mineral resources has 36 species. Third, geopolitical advantages. XX open midpoint is located in the eastern part of the province along the border, 2 km long border, with national road passenger and freight transport port, built on the border between China and Russia has the largest permanent boundary River Bridge, running at full capacity the annual cargo capacity of up to 2.6 million tons. Russia two (HABA and Marina), two cities (Iman and Lesozavodsk) is the Russian Far East in developed areas. Lesozavodsk is only 8 km from XX port corresponding to the port of markovo, Lu Rinuo station is one of three railway marshalling yards in the far East, the far East-Siberian railway and a parallel road runs through the pass. By rail and road, to the North by HABA capital Khabarovsk, the Russian hinterland, radiation in the CIS and Eastern European countries; to the South through the port of Vladivostok and the nahuo card on the sea, to reach South Korea, Japan and other Pacific Rim countries and regions. Four is rich in tourism resources. XX tourist resources types, many attractions, beautiful scenery of the Sino-Russian border-river-wusuli River, a famous treasure island, known as the \"Oriental Maginot line\" of the Japanese invading army Tiger underground fortress ruins, General Chi湿度的控制功能、自动按摩功能等等,都是人们追求更高生活质量在汽车座椅设计上的体现。除了汽车座椅整体的变化外,汽车座椅面料也在发生着变化。总体看来,汽车座椅面料的发展方向是:通过大力创新,提升自主开发设计能力,在用料的考究上,织纹与材质色彩的协调上,力求表现产品的经典、尊贵等特点,突出多样化、个性化,以应对众多消费群体挑剔的选择。因此,未来汽车座椅面料应综合体现它的美学要求、性能要求、安全要求、卫生要求及环保要求等方面的内容。

3.2.2目前汽车座椅在国际上的发展趋势

电动座椅—电动座椅实际上是将座椅的各种调节机构由手动操纵改变为电动操纵的座椅。电动座椅中布置有多台电机、电机带动传动机构,使座椅相应的部位产生位移,实现座椅位置的前后、上下、倾斜调整。电动座椅用按钮代替手柄,因而极大的提高了轻便性和方便性,应用日益广泛。2、悬挂座椅—悬挂座椅是在座椅与地板之间增设一悬挂装置,悬挂装置用以缓解座椅的振动。悬挂装置由缓冲元件、减振元件及定位元件组成。缓冲元件有钢板弹簧及螺旋弹簧等。3、记忆座椅—电动座椅与微机相结合,实现了座椅的记忆功能。由微机实现对座椅的控制反馈功能。当乘员乘坐时将调整好的座椅位置存储入微机,当再次乘坐时,可以自动调节到所需要的状态而不必进行重新调整。4、轻量型座椅—轻量型座椅去除了座椅的一些传统零件,利用积压成型的铝件和高强度的刚件保证了座椅的轻量化和结构的坚固性。座椅表面采用开式网状材料,替代了传统的聚氨脂泡沫塑料、装饰物和悬架零件。轻量型座椅的重量可以控制在10kg以内。使用轻量型座椅,不但可以节省车内空间来安装其他功能件,而且其安全性也优于传统座椅,并提高了汽车的燃油经济性。5、安全座椅—安全座椅可以称之为动态座椅。普通座椅一般只考虑了舒适性,对于撞车时的动态状况不能做出任何反应。而安全座椅则可以在撞车时设法使乘员随座椅主动运动。如瑞典沃尔沃公司研究开发的可以保护乘员头颈的座椅。汽车追尾时,该种座椅靠背和靠枕向后平行运动,使乘员头部和上身处于平衡状态,并减少身体向后倾斜出现的向前回弹。在整个过程中,座椅传递的力都相当柔和。 随着汽车工业的高速发展,人们对汽车座椅的要求也会越来越高。为了进一步提高座椅的舒适性及安全性,全球各大汽车公司以及汽车零部件商也在持续不断地加大对座椅的研发力度,在座椅的新结构、新工艺、新材料的研发及应用上狠下工夫,研制各类悬架座椅、电动座椅、电脑记忆座椅等新型座椅,按摩装置、辅助冷热智能空调座椅等各类辅助装置也不断诞生。此外,采用环保织物作为座椅面料,也将成为一种新趋势。

第四章 中国汽车座椅行业市场需求分析

目前,我国约有700家汽车座椅生产商,江苏、浙江以及广东是我国汽车座椅的生产中心,但小规模汽车座椅生产企业数量多,低端汽车座椅产品充斥市场,存在产能过剩问题。同时,这也导致国内汽车座椅企业无序竞争现象严重。 作为第一大汽车生产国和消费国,国内汽车座椅市场却被外资品牌占据主导地位。目前我国乘用车座椅市场主要由以江森、李尔、佛吉亚、英提尔、提爱斯等几家外资为主体的合资企业掌控,仅美国江森一家公司,就在我国建立了10家汽车座椅和车内产品合资企业,占据全国市场近30%的份额。国内本土企业技术研发能力比较低,生产的产品档次比较低,市场占有率也较小,合资趋势明显,未来的本土企业将会逐步与外资企业合资合作,纯粹的本土企业将会消失。我国未来的乘用车

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Leaders: provincial agricultural work Conference held in XX, which is our concern and love, will greatly promote XX agricultural and rural economic development. First of all, I am representing XX municipal party Committee and Government, extend a warm welcome to the attending leaders! XX has been given support and assistance to the province of agriculture, provincial agricultural Office, and expressed heartfelt thanks to all the friends! below, I XX with a brief report. A basic XX of XX municipality located (cities, omitted). One is the superior ecological environment. XX blue, clear, green, water, air, 70% of land in the territory is covered with forests, grasslands, wetlands and waters, built 7 thousands of square kilometers of the total area of nature reserves. Within major industrial pollution sources, air quality at the national level, national levels, water quality, soil pollution, \"pure land\" reputation, was heralded by the United Nations environmental officials \"the most suitable place for human survival.\" Second, the enrichment of natural resources. A total area of more than 5 million mu of arable land (which owned 1.53 million acres), the annual grain output of more than 2 million tons and is located in the internationally recognized gold \"cattle\be more than 400,000 acres of grazing grassland, developing animal husbandry conditions; a total area of 4.1 million acres of forest land, rich in precious wood such as pine, ash, yellow pineapple, standing timber volume of more than 26 million cubic meters. Forest Xia has hundreds of species precious wildlife, more than 200 more species precious herbs, annual Super thousand tons of wild mushroom and reserves Super 100,000 tons of mountain dish; nectar plant throughout, can bee 100,000 group, is China \"bee of Xiang\national Northeast black bee reserves and important of bee products production base; can using water 2.5 billion cubimetres, should be fishing water 460,000 acres, rich big salmon, and \"three spent five Luo\h cold water specialty fish; found and proved reserves of mineral resources has 36 species. Third, geopolitical advantages. XX open midpoint is located in the eastern part of the province along the border, 2 km long border, with national road passenger and freight transport port, built on the border between China and Russia has the largest permanent boundary River Bridge, running at full capacity the annual cargo capacity of up to 2.6 million tons. Russia two (HABA and Marina), two cities (Iman and Lesozavodsk) is the Russian Far East in developed areas. Lesozavodsk is only 8 km from XX port corresponding to the port of markovo, Lu Rinuo station is one of three railway marshalling yards in the far East, the far East-Siberian railway and a parallel road runs through the pass. By rail and road, to the North by HABA capital Khabarovsk, the Russian hinterland, radiation in the CIS and Eastern European countries; to the South through the port of Vladivostok and the nahuo card on the sea, to reach South Korea, Japan and other Pacific Rim countries and regions. Four is rich in tourism resources. XX tourist resources types, many attractions, beautiful scenery of the Sino-Russian border-river-wusuli River, a famous treasure island, known as the \"Oriental Maginot line\" of the Japanese invading army Tiger underground fortress ruins, General Chi座椅行业将会出现整车企业培养多个供应商、自主品牌产品供应市场竞争激烈、外资企业降价竞争、本土企业逐步与外资合并等的发展趋势。

4.1汽车座椅市场运行情况

2011年12月中国微型车市场中奇瑞的关注比例升至首位,江淮、铃木、长安、全球鹰等品牌也拥有较高的关注份额。国产汽车在微型车市场中的关注比例远高于进口汽车。不同车系中,QQ3、奔奔MINI和熊猫分别排在市场的前三名,北斗星在2011年款产品排名中继续保持一定优势。而汽车座椅是重要决定因素之一,根据2012年中国汽车座椅市场调查及投资前景分析报告,汽车座椅在国内同比增长14.2%,成上升状态,据预测汽车座椅市场运行将以较高的增长率持续增长。目前汽车座椅市场受欢迎度波动较大,时尚、安全、舒适是影响汽车座椅的主要因素。

4.2汽车座椅市场需求

随着国内汽车的发展,汽车座椅也在不断完善。人们除去对简易的汽车座椅的要求更加渴望对汽车座椅人性化的追求,许多新型的儿童座椅,老人座椅,电动座椅等在市场上逐渐受到人们的支持。消费者、汽车厂商普遍将真皮座椅作为高档、豪华的标志,配备真皮座椅成为汽车销售的另一亮点。市场需求拉动生产,新型座椅的生产快速增长。能与座椅同等展现“当今”风范的汽车座椅套也呈现相同的发展态势。同时,消费者对汽车座椅套崇尚个性化的特征让商家绞尽心机为客户量身的打造更独特的产品。其实从人性的角度来说人们对座椅的依赖仍逃脱不了三种需求

4.2.1安全性

近年来,随着汽车保有量的不断增长,汽车道路交通事故呈逐年上升的趋势,这不仅导致了乘员死亡和受伤人数的激增,而且所造成的经济损失也十分巨大。其中大部分汽车交通事故都是正面碰撞和尾部碰撞。在这些事故中,座椅作为减少损伤的安全部件起到了决定性保护作用,使其成为汽车安全性研究中的重要部件。汽车座椅是汽车中将乘员与车身联系在一起的重要内饰部件!它直接影响到整车的舒适性和安全性。所以安全的座椅永远受到人们的青睐。

4.2.2舒适性

汽车乘坐的舒适性除了座椅的柔软程度、包覆 性能等因素外,还与汽车的悬挂系统、减振性能密切相 关,其中汽车座椅对舒适性的影响最直接。现代汽车座椅 主要由头枕、靠背和座垫组成,包括了面套、海绵、骨架、 滑轨调角器、升降机构等组成。人们希望在车上是一种放松和享受的状态,这也是大家选择座椅的重要因素。

4.2.3外观性

随着家庭轿车越来越多地走进人们的生活,汽车的舒适性、安全性、便利性、外观造型及包装效果开始得到越来越多的关注。因此座椅的舒适性、安全性、便利性、外观造型及包装的设计研究也开始受到生产制造厂商的重视。许多年轻人追求时尚个性的汽车座椅,富人追求豪华座椅,这一切给汽车座椅从外观上带来了新的竞争力

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Leaders: provincial agricultural work Conference held in XX, which is our concern and love, will greatly promote XX agricultural and rural economic development. First of all, I am representing XX municipal party Committee and Government, extend a warm welcome to the attending leaders! XX has been given support and assistance to the province of agriculture, provincial agricultural Office, and expressed heartfelt thanks to all the friends! below, I XX with a brief report. A basic XX of XX municipality located (cities, omitted). One is the superior ecological environment. XX blue, clear, green, water, air, 70% of land in the territory is covered with forests, grasslands, wetlands and waters, built 7 thousands of square kilometers of the total area of nature reserves. Within major industrial pollution sources, air quality at the national level, national levels, water quality, soil pollution, \"pure land\" reputation, was heralded by the United Nations environmental officials \"the most suitable place for human survival.\" Second, the enrichment of natural resources. A total area of more than 5 million mu of arable land (which owned 1.53 million acres), the annual grain output of more than 2 million tons and is located in the internationally recognized gold \"cattle\be more than 400,000 acres of grazing grassland, developing animal husbandry conditions; a total area of 4.1 million acres of forest land, rich in precious wood such as pine, ash, yellow pineapple, standing timber volume of more than 26 million cubic meters. Forest Xia has hundreds of species precious wildlife, more than 200 more species precious herbs, annual Super thousand tons of wild mushroom and reserves Super 100,000 tons of mountain dish; nectar plant throughout, can bee 100,000 group, is China \"bee of Xiang\national Northeast black bee reserves and important of bee products production base; can using water 2.5 billion cubimetres, should be fishing water 460,000 acres, rich big salmon, and \"three spent five Luo\h cold water specialty fish; found and proved reserves of mineral resources has 36 species. Third, geopolitical advantages. XX open midpoint is located in the eastern part of the province along the border, 2 km long border, with national road passenger and freight transport port, built on the border between China and Russia has the largest permanent boundary River Bridge, running at full capacity the annual cargo capacity of up to 2.6 million tons. Russia two (HABA and Marina), two cities (Iman and Lesozavodsk) is the Russian Far East in developed areas. Lesozavodsk is only 8 km from XX port corresponding to the port of markovo, Lu Rinuo station is one of three railway marshalling yards in the far East, the far East-Siberian railway and a parallel road runs through the pass. By rail and road, to the North by HABA capital Khabarovsk, the Russian hinterland, radiation in the CIS and Eastern European countries; to the South through the port of Vladivostok and the nahuo card on the sea, to reach South Korea, Japan and other Pacific Rim countries and regions. Four is rich in tourism resources. XX tourist resources types, many attractions, beautiful scenery of the Sino-Russian border-river-wusuli River, a famous treasure island, known as the \"Oriental Maginot line\" of the Japanese invading army Tiger underground fortress ruins, General Chi第五章 2012——2017年中国汽车座椅发展趋势分析及预测

5.1汽车座椅行业发展的因素

5.1.1有利因素

(1)汽车行业已成为国民经济支柱认同感产业支持较大 汽车产业作为我国的支柱产业之一,涉及面广,前后产业链长,带动相关产业的作用大,此前在北京召开的中国自主汽车技术与产品成果展相关论坛上,商务部市场体系建设司有关领导介绍,中国的汽车零售额,特别是规模以上的汽车零售额,已占到了社会消费品总额27%。也就是说,社会消费1元,就有0.27元是汽车贡献出来的。因此,汽车产业对国民经济增长、人民生活水平提高、拉动消费发挥着越来越重要的作用。近年来,国家出台了一系列行业促进,有力地促进了汽车销售。在国家产业的扶持下,我国的汽车及零部件行业将保持稳定的增长。

(2)宏观经济的持续向好,为汽车行业提供了坚实的增长基础 我国汽车行业的发展与宏观经济走势密切相关,两者走势高度一致。1999年以来(除2008年),我国汽车销量伴随GDP的稳定增长而持续增长,年销量平均增长接近20%。受金融危机影响,2008年我国汽车销量增幅突然下降到6.7%的水平,但在2009年我国经济实现V形反转后,汽车消费则领先于GDP而实现46.15%的高增长(2009年我国GDP增幅为8.7%)。2010年我国GDP增幅为10.3%,汽车销量增幅为32%。可见,除2008年特殊的情况外,我国汽车销量的增速与GDP增速一直保持一定的线性关系。到2020年我国一直处于“工业化、城镇化”阶段,这一阶段中国宏观经济依然会保持较快增长速度,预计2010-2020年我国GDP依然能保持8%以上的增长速度。宏观经济的持续向好,将为我国汽车产业的发展提供坚实的经济基础。

(3)中国已经进入了一个汽车需求快速增长的黄金时期,市场空间巨大 我国目前的人均汽车保有量较低。2009年我国乘用车千人保有量33.4辆,与国际平均千人保有量96辆的水平相比还有较大差距,与国际发达国家千人保有量500辆的饱和水平相比,差距更大。以发达国家经验看,当千人保有量低于140辆-150辆时,汽车销量增速维持相对高位;之后,汽车销量增速将放缓;当千人保有量达到300辆的时候,汽车需求从首次购买转换成更新为主。我国的乘用车保有量正处于增长初始阶段,乘用车市场空间巨大。

(4)汽车零部件采购本土化带来发展机遇 目前,国际上知名整车厂商基本上都已经在国内合资设厂,整车厂商之间的竞争日趋激烈,从而导致国内车型更新周期加快,这使得越来越多的整车厂商被迫转而寻找国内零部件配套厂商。国际模协秘书长罗百辉指出,汽车零部件采购的本土化,将为包括座椅企业在内的中国汽车零部件企业带来发展机遇。本土座椅企业凭借地缘和成本等方面的优势,将获得更多的发展机会,并且将在与国际国内大型知名厂商合作的过程中,学习先进的生产和管理经验,这将大大促进国内汽车座椅企业的发展,提升本土汽车座椅企业在全球零部件制造中的地位。

(5)自主品牌整车厂快速发展,有利于中国本土汽车座椅企业成长 国内自主品牌汽车近年来表现突出,市场占有率稳步提高。国际模协秘书长罗百辉认为,受地缘、成本及产品结构等多方面因素的影响,自主品牌整车厂的座椅功能件供应商绝大多数都是本土企业,在多年的合作过程中,整车厂已建立了稳定的供应链,并已整合和完善了其业务体系,形成了以整车厂为中心,核心供应商围绕在周围的本土汽车产业集群。自主品牌整车厂的发展壮大将直接带动这个产业集群的发展,为本土座椅企业发展提供了巨大的空间。另一方面,本土座椅企业多年来亦不断进步,逐步缩小了与国外先进企业的差距,这在一定程度上又促进了国内自主品牌整车厂的发展,继而又推动了本土座椅企业本身的发展,如此往复,良性循环。

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Leaders: provincial agricultural work Conference held in XX, which is our concern and love, will greatly promote XX agricultural and rural economic development. First of all, I am representing XX municipal party Committee and Government, extend a warm welcome to the attending leaders! XX has been given support and assistance to the province of agriculture, provincial agricultural Office, and expressed heartfelt thanks to all the friends! below, I XX with a brief report. A basic XX of XX municipality located (cities, omitted). One is the superior ecological environment. XX blue, clear, green, water, air, 70% of land in the territory is covered with forests, grasslands, wetlands and waters, built 7 thousands of square kilometers of the total area of nature reserves. Within major industrial pollution sources, air quality at the national level, national levels, water quality, soil pollution, \"pure land\" reputation, was heralded by the United Nations environmental officials \"the most suitable place for human survival.\" Second, the enrichment of natural resources. A total area of more than 5 million mu of arable land (which owned 1.53 million acres), the annual grain output of more than 2 million tons and is located in the internationally recognized gold \"cattle\be more than 400,000 acres of grazing grassland, developing animal husbandry conditions; a total area of 4.1 million acres of forest land, rich in precious wood such as pine, ash, yellow pineapple, standing timber volume of more than 26 million cubic meters. Forest Xia has hundreds of species precious wildlife, more than 200 more species precious herbs, annual Super thousand tons of wild mushroom and reserves Super 100,000 tons of mountain dish; nectar plant throughout, can bee 100,000 group, is China \"bee of Xiang\national Northeast black bee reserves and important of bee products production base; can using water 2.5 billion cubimetres, should be fishing water 460,000 acres, rich big salmon, and \"three spent five Luo\h cold water specialty fish; found and proved reserves of mineral resources has 36 species. Third, geopolitical advantages. XX open midpoint is located in the eastern part of the province along the border, 2 km long border, with national road passenger and freight transport port, built on the border between China and Russia has the largest permanent boundary River Bridge, running at full capacity the annual cargo capacity of up to 2.6 million tons. Russia two (HABA and Marina), two cities (Iman and Lesozavodsk) is the Russian Far East in developed areas. Lesozavodsk is only 8 km from XX port corresponding to the port of markovo, Lu Rinuo station is one of three railway marshalling yards in the far East, the far East-Siberian railway and a parallel road runs through the pass. By rail and road, to the North by HABA capital Khabarovsk, the Russian hinterland, radiation in the CIS and Eastern European countries; to the South through the port of Vladivostok and the nahuo card on the sea, to reach South Korea, Japan and other Pacific Rim countries and regions. Four is rich in tourism resources. XX tourist resources types, many attractions, beautiful scenery of the Sino-Russian border-river-wusuli River, a famous treasure island, known as the \"Oriental Maginot line\" of the Japanese invading army Tiger underground fortress ruins, General Chi

5.1.2不利因素

(1)汽车行业已成为国民经济支柱产业,产业支持较大 汽车产业作为我国的支柱产业之一,涉及面广,前后产业链长,带动相关产业的作用大,此前在北京召开的中国自主汽车技术与产品成果展相关论坛上,商务部市场体系建设司有关领导介绍,中国的汽车零售额,特别是规模以上的汽车零售额,已占到了社会消费品总额27%。也就是说,社会消费1元,就有0.27元是汽车贡献出来的。因此,汽车产业对国民经济增长、人民生活水平提高、拉动消费发挥着越来越重要的作用。近年来,国家出台了一系列行业促进,有力地促进了汽车销售。在国家产业的扶持下,我国的汽车及零部件行业将保持稳定的增长。

(2)宏观经济的持续向好,为汽车行业提供了坚实的增长基础 我国汽车行业的发展与宏观经济走势密切相关,两者走势高度一致。1999年以来(除2008年),我国汽车销量伴随GDP的稳定增长而持续增长,年销量平均增长接近20%

(3)中国已经进入了一个汽车需求快速增长的黄金时期,市场空间巨大 我国目前的人均汽车保有量较低。2011年我国乘用车千人保有量33.4辆,与国际平均千人保有量96辆的水平相比还有较大差距,与国际发达国家千人保有量500辆的饱和水平相比,差距更大。以发达国家经验看,当千人保有量低于140辆-150辆时,汽车销量增速维持相对高位;之后,汽车销量增速将放缓;当千人保有量达到300辆的时候,汽车需求从首次购买转换成更新为主。我国的乘用车保有量正处于增长初始阶段,乘用车市场空间巨大

(4)汽车零部件采购本土化带来发展机遇 目前,国际上知名整车厂商基本上都已经在国内合资设厂,整车厂商之间的竞争日趋激烈,从而导致国内车型更新周期加快,这使得越来越多的整车厂商被迫转而寻找国内零部件配套厂商。

(5)自主品牌整车厂快速发展,有利于中国本土汽车座椅企业成长国内自主品牌汽车近年来表现突出,市场占有率稳步提高。

5.2汽车座椅行列进入新时期

5.2.1较高的产品质量要求

目前,我国约有700家汽车座椅生产商,江苏、浙江以及广东是我国汽车座椅的生产中心,但小规模汽车座椅生产企业数量多,低端汽车座椅产品充斥市场,存在产能过剩问题。同时,这也导致国内汽车座椅企业无序竞争现象严重。 作为第一大汽车生产国和消费国,国内汽车座椅市场却被外资品牌占据主导地位。目前我国乘用车座椅市场主要由以江森、李尔、佛吉亚、英提尔、提爱斯等几家外资为主体的合资企业掌控,仅美国江森一家公司,就在我国建立了10家汽车座椅和车内产品合资企业,占据全国市场近30%的份额。国内本土企业技术研发能力比较低,生产的产品档次比较低,市场占有率也较小,合资趋势明显,未来的本土企业将会逐步与外资企业合资合作,纯粹的本土企业将会消失。我国未来的乘用车座椅行业将会出现整车企业培养多个供应商、自主品牌产品供应市场竞争激烈、外资企业降价竞争、本土企业逐步与外资合并等的发展趋势。

在本时间段内(2012年10月16日~31日),中国汽车质量网(www.12365auto.com)接到消费者针对汽车产品的投诉总计453宗,共涉及135款车型,两项数据相比10月上半月,投诉量增长幅度较大,而涉及车型略有下降。

11

Leaders: provincial agricultural work Conference held in XX, which is our concern and love, will greatly promote XX agricultural and rural economic development. First of all, I am representing XX municipal party Committee and Government, extend a warm welcome to the attending leaders! XX has been given support and assistance to the province of agriculture, provincial agricultural Office, and expressed heartfelt thanks to all the friends! below, I XX with a brief report. A basic XX of XX municipality located (cities, omitted). One is the superior ecological environment. XX blue, clear, green, water, air, 70% of land in the territory is covered with forests, grasslands, wetlands and waters, built 7 thousands of square kilometers of the total area of nature reserves. Within major industrial pollution sources, air quality at the national level, national levels, water quality, soil pollution, \"pure land\" reputation, was heralded by the United Nations environmental officials \"the most suitable place for human survival.\" Second, the enrichment of natural resources. A total area of more than 5 million mu of arable land (which owned 1.53 million acres), the annual grain output of more than 2 million tons and is located in the internationally recognized gold \"cattle\be more than 400,000 acres of grazing grassland, developing animal husbandry conditions; a total area of 4.1 million acres of forest land, rich in precious wood such as pine, ash, yellow pineapple, standing timber volume of more than 26 million cubic meters. Forest Xia has hundreds of species precious wildlife, more than 200 more species precious herbs, annual Super thousand tons of wild mushroom and reserves Super 100,000 tons of mountain dish; nectar plant throughout, can bee 100,000 group, is China \"bee of Xiang\national Northeast black bee reserves and important of bee products production base; can using water 2.5 billion cubimetres, should be fishing water 460,000 acres, rich big salmon, and \"three spent five Luo\h cold water specialty fish; found and proved reserves of mineral resources has 36 species. Third, geopolitical advantages. XX open midpoint is located in the eastern part of the province along the border, 2 km long border, with national road passenger and freight transport port, built on the border between China and Russia has the largest permanent boundary River Bridge, running at full capacity the annual cargo capacity of up to 2.6 million tons. Russia two (HABA and Marina), two cities (Iman and Lesozavodsk) is the Russian Far East in developed areas. Lesozavodsk is only 8 km from XX port corresponding to the port of markovo, Lu Rinuo station is one of three railway marshalling yards in the far East, the far East-Siberian railway and a parallel road runs through the pass. By rail and road, to the North by HABA capital Khabarovsk, the Russian hinterland, radiation in the CIS and Eastern European countries; to the South through the port of Vladivostok and the nahuo card on the sea, to reach South Korea, Japan and other Pacific Rim countries and regions. Four is rich in tourism resources. XX tourist resources types, many attractions, beautiful scenery of the Sino-Russian border-river-wusuli River, a famous treasure island, known as the \"Oriental Maginot line\" of the Japanese invading army Tiger underground fortress ruins, General Chi厂家 JC TOYOLABOSHKOU LEAR FACRECLA TS MAGNA TACHR-S NHK spring BROSE DYMOS 2010 13114 93 9395 5758 3439 2008 2493 2073 1218 1263 2011 16052 10763 10943 40 3231 2558 2196 1418 1379 1226 2012E 16688 11276 109 6762 3839 2956 2687 2512 1588 1565 表1.1 2010-2012年全球主要汽车座椅厂家收入排名 单位 百万美元

涉及座椅的投诉少之又少,说明汽车座椅的质量基本达标,满足消费者的当前需要。随着更多的质量问题被曝光,商家也注重产品的品牌效益,加大了对质量的要求。局时,国家也加强了对汽车座椅质量的监管力度。这使得汽车座椅在未来道路上将有更高的质量要求。

5.3新型汽车座椅的发展

目前,汽车座椅常采用真皮、塑料仿真皮和织物几种形式,各有特点也各有缺点,如真皮有异味,仿真皮不耐久,织物不易清洁,各种座椅面料的阻燃性和抗菌性、耐污染性能都不尽如意等,因此开发阻燃性和抗菌性好、防油防污、环保、美观的汽车内饰用功能性纺织品具有广阔的前景。

如新型汽车电动可调座椅 为了提高驾驶员驾驶的方便性和乘坐的舒适性,有些轿车上装有驾驶员电动可调座椅和前乘员电动可调座椅系统。 所谓“电动可调座椅”就是通过操作控制开关对座椅的高低、倾斜和前后位置等进行自动控制。

新型儿童座椅 汽车儿童安全座椅就是一种专为不同体重(或年龄段)的儿童设计,安装在汽车内,能有效提高儿童乘车安全的座椅。欧洲强制性执行标准ECE R44/03的定义是:能够固定到机动车辆上,带有卡扣的安全带组件或柔性部件、调节机构、附件等组成的儿童安全防护系统。也可与附加装置如可携式童车、婴儿提蓝、辅助性座椅或碰撞防护物等组合而成。在汽车碰装或突然减速的情况下,可以减少对儿童的冲压力和儿童的身体移动从而减轻对他们的伤害。

5.4国家对汽车产业的大力支持

国内最高层次的车企联盟组织T10(TOP10),在长白山召开了2012年峰会。

这场有工信部苗圩以及各大汽车集团掌舵者参与的峰会,讨论了一份《建设汽车强国发展战略》,这份战略规划的核心将是发展自主品牌汽车。未来这一规划如果落地,将有望对自主品牌汽车发展形成实质性支持,并促使从国家战略层面到车企之间,对发展中国汽车品牌形成合力。提出“从汽车大国向汽车强国转变”的命题。汽车座椅的开发与研究同时被纳入重点之列。

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Leaders: provincial agricultural work Conference held in XX, which is our concern and love, will greatly promote XX agricultural and rural economic development. First of all, I am representing XX municipal party Committee and Government, extend a warm welcome to the attending leaders! XX has been given support and assistance to the province of agriculture, provincial agricultural Office, and expressed heartfelt thanks to all the friends! below, I XX with a brief report. A basic XX of XX municipality located (cities, omitted). One is the superior ecological environment. XX blue, clear, green, water, air, 70% of land in the territory is covered with forests, grasslands, wetlands and waters, built 7 thousands of square kilometers of the total area of nature reserves. Within major industrial pollution sources, air quality at the national level, national levels, water quality, soil pollution, \"pure land\" reputation, was heralded by the United Nations environmental officials \"the most suitable place for human survival.\" Second, the enrichment of natural resources. A total area of more than 5 million mu of arable land (which owned 1.53 million acres), the annual grain output of more than 2 million tons and is located in the internationally recognized gold \"cattle\be more than 400,000 acres of grazing grassland, developing animal husbandry conditions; a total area of 4.1 million acres of forest land, rich in precious wood such as pine, ash, yellow pineapple, standing timber volume of more than 26 million cubic meters. Forest Xia has hundreds of species precious wildlife, more than 200 more species precious herbs, annual Super thousand tons of wild mushroom and reserves Super 100,000 tons of mountain dish; nectar plant throughout, can bee 100,000 group, is China \"bee of Xiang\national Northeast black bee reserves and important of bee products production base; can using water 2.5 billion cubimetres, should be fishing water 460,000 acres, rich big salmon, and \"three spent five Luo\h cold water specialty fish; found and proved reserves of mineral resources has 36 species. Third, geopolitical advantages. XX open midpoint is located in the eastern part of the province along the border, 2 km long border, with national road passenger and freight transport port, built on the border between China and Russia has the largest permanent boundary River Bridge, running at full capacity the annual cargo capacity of up to 2.6 million tons. Russia two (HABA and Marina), two cities (Iman and Lesozavodsk) is the Russian Far East in developed areas. Lesozavodsk is only 8 km from XX port corresponding to the port of markovo, Lu Rinuo station is one of three railway marshalling yards in the far East, the far East-Siberian railway and a parallel road runs through the pass. By rail and road, to the North by HABA capital Khabarovsk, the Russian hinterland, radiation in the CIS and Eastern European countries; to the South through the port of Vladivostok and the nahuo card on the sea, to reach South Korea, Japan and other Pacific Rim countries and regions. Four is rich in tourism resources. XX tourist resources types, many attractions, beautiful scenery of the Sino-Russian border-river-wusuli River, a famous treasure island, known as the \"Oriental Maginot line\" of the Japanese invading army Tiger underground fortress ruins, General Chi致谢

本课题的研究工作是在王岑老师的悉心指导和严格要求下完成的,他从课程学习、论文选题、课题研究到论文撰写都给予学生精心的指导与孜孜不倦的教诲。王岑老师高度的敬业精神、渊博的知识、严谨的治学态度以及丰富的经验,使我受益匪浅。课题每前进一步都得到了老师的悉心指导与鼓励,尤其是用周末休息时间来进行辅导和帮助,做出了巨大的牺牲。籍此论文完成之际,谨对恩师致以最诚挚的谢意!

三年的大学生活让我这各方面得以成长,尤其是我所热爱的汽车专业。毕业之际,在此向所有师生表示诚挚的敬意和衷心的感谢!

在未来的人生中,自己一定努力工作,脚踏实地绝不会辜负大家的期望。

13

Leaders: provincial agricultural work Conference held in XX, which is our concern and love, will greatly promote XX agricultural and rural economic development. First of all, I am representing XX municipal party Committee and Government, extend a warm welcome to the attending leaders! XX has been given support and assistance to the province of agriculture, provincial agricultural Office, and expressed heartfelt thanks to all the friends! below, I XX with a brief report. A basic XX of XX municipality located (cities, omitted). One is the superior ecological environment. XX blue, clear, green, water, air, 70% of land in the territory is covered with forests, grasslands, wetlands and waters, built 7 thousands of square kilometers of the total area of nature reserves. Within major industrial pollution sources, air quality at the national level, national levels, water quality, soil pollution, \"pure land\" reputation, was heralded by the United Nations environmental officials \"the most suitable place for human survival.\" Second, the enrichment of natural resources. A total area of more than 5 million mu of arable land (which owned 1.53 million acres), the annual grain output of more than 2 million tons and is located in the internationally recognized gold \"cattle\be more than 400,000 acres of grazing grassland, developing animal husbandry conditions; a total area of 4.1 million acres of forest land, rich in precious wood such as pine, ash, yellow pineapple, standing timber volume of more than 26 million cubic meters. Forest Xia has hundreds of species precious wildlife, more than 200 more species precious herbs, annual Super thousand tons of wild mushroom and reserves Super 100,000 tons of mountain dish; nectar plant throughout, can bee 100,000 group, is China \"bee of Xiang\national Northeast black bee reserves and important of bee products production base; can using water 2.5 billion cubimetres, should be fishing water 460,000 acres, rich big salmon, and \"three spent five Luo\h cold water specialty fish; found and proved reserves of mineral resources has 36 species. Third, geopolitical advantages. XX open midpoint is located in the eastern part of the province along the border, 2 km long border, with national road passenger and freight transport port, built on the border between China and Russia has the largest permanent boundary River Bridge, running at full capacity the annual cargo capacity of up to 2.6 million tons. Russia two (HABA and Marina), two cities (Iman and Lesozavodsk) is the Russian Far East in developed areas. Lesozavodsk is only 8 km from XX port corresponding to the port of markovo, Lu Rinuo station is one of three railway marshalling yards in the far East, the far East-Siberian railway and a parallel road runs through the pass. By rail and road, to the North by HABA capital Khabarovsk, the Russian hinterland, radiation in the CIS and Eastern European countries; to the South through the port of Vladivostok and the nahuo card on the sea, to reach South Korea, Japan and other Pacific Rim countries and regions. Four is rich in tourism resources. XX tourist resources types, many attractions, beautiful scenery of the Sino-Russian border-river-wusuli River, a famous treasure island, known as the \"Oriental Maginot line\" of the Japanese invading army Tiger underground fortress ruins, General Chi参考文献

【1】汽车构造透视图典陈新亚 编著/2012-06-01/机械工业出版社 【2】姚为民,孙丹丹.汽车座持系统安全性综述[J],汽车技术,2002 【3】汽车内外饰设计与实战曹渡 主编/2011-04-01/机械工业出版社

【4】新型汽车电子系统原理与故障维修 孙余凯 等编著/2012-06-01/电子工业出版社 【5】焦冠东,轿车座椅若干问题的研究,上海交通大学硕士论文[D],1998年 【6】汽车座椅设计2010-06-06 21:00:18 【7】中国汽车座椅市场调查及投资2011年4月

【8】焦冠东,轿车座椅若干问题的研究,上海交通大学硕士论文[D],1998年 【9】汽车内饰件设计与制造工艺 李光耀 等编著/2009-08-01/机械工业出版社

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