简爱 殖民主义

An Analysis of Colonialism Implied in Jane Eyer’s

摘 要

【摘要】在《简爱》中，作者夏洛蒂勃朗特在简爱中塑造了一个与那个时代不同的具有精神的女性，作者运用其独特的思想向世人展示了何为殖民主义，因此这部小说吸引了众多学者从各个角度对之进行分析研究。本文也从各个角度来分析殖民主义，殖民主义不仅可以分为土地殖民主义，还可以分为情感上的殖民主义，人格上的殖民主义，例如简爱中的疯女人形象深入人心，但究竟是谁束缚了疯女人的情感，还要从文中从情感上的殖民主义等方面分析。分析简爱中的殖民主义来阐述殖民主义主题对其小说叙事,人物性格，人物关系和命运的影响，以此来揭示殖民主义文化对人造成的精神创伤，人格扭曲与等异化影响。

【关键词】殖民主义;简爱

Abstract

【ABSTRACT】In \"Jane Eyre\independent woman who is different from that ages. The author uses his own unique thoughts to show the world what is the colonialism, and therefore this novel attracts many scholars analyze and study it from all angles. This article is also analyzed the colonialism from all angles, colonialism can not only divide into the land of colonialism, but also the emotional of colonialism and the personality of colonialism. For example, In Jane Eyre, the crazy woman’s image is deep into people’s heart, but who is bound the crazy woman’s feelings, we should find

the cause in the text from the emotional of the colonialism. In this text, I analyze the colonialism of the Jane Eyre to explain the colonialism bring the impact to the novel of the narrative, characters, the relationship between the characters and destiny, in order to reveal the trauma of colonialism and cultural caused to the human, such as affected the split personality distortions and alienation.

【KEYWORDS】Colonialism；Jane Eyre

1. Introduction

'Jane Eyre' is one of the most well known victorian novel in the world. Since it's first publishing in 1847, it has been perminanetly bestseller. Undoubtedly, 'Jane Eyre' is a story worthy of our attention. Numbers of critics revealed that this is time-proved work, which covers the most complex issues of historical realities of nineghteen century's Britain. One of this topic directly affects such phenomen as colonialism. Colonialism is already a thing of the past, we can't experience it ourselves, unless we read about it. That is why Charllote's Bronte fiction is rather useful and helpful. In each major novel, that was written by a talented authour, there is a presence of colonialism. In 'Shirley' or 'Villete' the main male heroes are leaving or threatened to leave Europe for places of colonization. In 'The Professor' white woman resistance to male domination is called 'black'. Even in the unfinished novel 'Emma', race relations play an important role. The figurative use of race relations was in 'Jane Eyre' too. Maybe not a rough criticism, but undoubtedly a clear dissatisfaction of current reality is expressed in the novel. Charlotte Bronte had found a way to attract the reader and share with him very

private moments of her characters life, their feelings, emotions and thoughts. Gothic and mysterious, tempting, strange bleak world of the novel steal appeals to the reader. 'Jane Eyre' has literally tones of adaptation: feature films, silent films, theatre perfomances, literature sequels, re-tellings, re-workings, prequels, spin-offs, radio edits and many others. Not long ago the Holywood made a new film adaptation using Charllote's Bronte novel. 'Jane Eyre' is also a compulsory reading in the English middle schools. To sum up 'Jane Eyre' is a kind of literature, that demands further exploration, because of its vivid and full description of complex reality of the past. The novel contains elements of social criticism, with a strong sense of morality at its core, but is nonetheless a novel many consider ahead of its time given the individualistic character of Jane and the novel's exploration of classism, sexuality, religion, and proto-feminism.

1.1Reasearch background

1.1.1The author background

Charlotte Bronte was born in 1816 at Thornton, Bradford in Yorkshire, she was the third of the six children in her family. Charllote had five siblings: four sisters and one brother. When Charlotte was five, her mother died of cancer. An aunt, Elizabeth, took care of the children after their mother’s death. In 1824 the four eldest Bronte daughters were enrolled at the Clergy Daughter's School at Cowan Bridge. They were treated with appaling severity. They were regularly deprived of food, beaten by teachers and humiliated for the slightest error. Very soon Maria and Elizabeth, the two eldest daughters, became ill, left the school and died of

tuberculosis: Charlotte and her sisters were taken away from school. The loss of her relatives and the experience of Cowan Bridge left a large influence on Charllote. She immortalised the cruel and brutal treatment in her novel, 'Jane Eyre'. At home children continued their education. In 1826 their father brought home a box of toy soldiers for Charllote's brother, Branwell. These toys helped sisters to develop their creative thinking, because they started to create lives and characters for the soldiers, inventing imaginary world. Anne and Emily made up a kingdom called Gondal, while Charlotte and Patrick created the realm of Angria, which was ruled by the Duke of Zamorna. Zamorna's romantic conquests make up the greater part of Charlotte's contributions. He was a character who ruled by strength of will and feeling and easily conquered women—they recognized the evil in him but could not fight their attraction to him.

The siblings became very interested in writing, creating stories, poetry and plays. From 1831, Charlotte attended Roe Head School, first as a pupil, then as a governess. Charlotte was employed as a governess in a variety of positions that never lasted very long. Charlotte and Emily went to Brussels to finish their education. Charlotte taught English, and Emily taught music to pay for their own classes and lodgings.While attending a language school in Brussels, Belgium, in 1843 and 1844, she seems to have fallen in love with a married professor at the school, but she never fully admitted the fact to herself. Charlotte later used this experience in her novels 'The Professor' and 'Villette'. The surviving Bronte sisters had planned to open their own school, but it was not easy thing to do: no one was willing to study in their school because of the bad advertisment. Charlotte had read Emily’s poems, and decided to release a volume featuring poems from all

three sisters, which were published in 1846 under the pseudonyms of Currer, Ellis, and Acton Bell, which apparently only sold 2 copies. And in 1847 Charlotte published her most famous book, \"Jane Eyre\Bell. Despite the success, 1848 was a disastrous year for the Bronte family: Branwell, Charllote's brother, who had become an alcoholic, passed away, Emily and Anne died of tuberculosis. Now, only Charlotte and her father remained of the Bronte family. Charlotte was devastated, and became a lifelong hypochondriac. However, Charlotte’s fame spread, and from time to time, she visited London to meet with fellow writers such as Elizabeth Gaskell and William Makepeace Thackeray, to whom she had previously dedicated “Jane Eyre”. The Rev. A. B. Nicholls, curate of Haworth since 1845, proposed marriage to Charlotte in 1852. The Rev. Mr. Brontë objected violently, and Charlotte, who, though she may have pitied him, was in any case not in love with him, refused him. Nicholls left Haworth in the following year, the same in which Charlotte's Villette was published. By 1854, however, Mr. Brontë's opposition to the proposed marriage had weakened, and Charlotte and Nicholls became engaged. Nicholls returned as curate at Haworth, and they were married, though it seems clear that Charlotte, though she admired him, still did not love him. In 1854, she married Reverend A. B. Nicholls, curate of Haworth, against her father's wishes. The union did not last longer as Charlotte caught pneumonia while pregnant, and passed away. She died on 31 March 185

1.1.2The background of the book Jane Eyer

How did Charlotte Bronte come to write Jane Eyre? People say, Charlotte was having a debate with her sisters about the important qualities of a female

protagonist. Acknowledging the tendency of authors to make their heroines beautiful and extraordinary , Charlotte wanted to create a heroine as plain and small as herself, who shall be as interesting as any of her sisters. Charlotte Bronte was strongly influenced by the Romantic poets of the early 1800s, including William Wordsworth and Lord Byron. Their works stressed the importance of imagination, subjective emotion, and individual freedom. Brontу embraced these ideas, but she also believed that literature should represent life. She showed concern about the social and economic problems of her day, about the poverty of the working classes and the secondary status of women. Jane Eyre expresses Bronte’s social conscience as well as her interest in the imaginative experience of the individual. While there is not an exact correspondence, the novel does incorporate incidents and characters from Bronte’s life. Today the parallels between Charlotte and Jane are still part of the appeal of Jane Eyre, which remains one of the most popular of all English novel.

'Jane Eyer' was published in October 1847, under the male name, Currer Bell. The novel was written in Victorian Age, when women were considered not equal to men. They needed to submit, to do what they were told to do, had lile freedom of choices. 'Jane Eyre' is a story about a woman who is unwilling to do anything that she believes is wrong or unfair. The heroine thinks that she should have the right to make her own choice, and that she is equal of any man. The reviews were on the whole pleasant. There was much speculation about who was he writer, some people supposed it was a man, others thought i was a woman, readers even began speculaion abou whether the Bells were really three persons, two persons, or just one person. When public eventually learned that the writer was a woman, they

took back all the nice stuff they said. They critcized Charllote, said it was unladylike to write about a female character in such a way. They were talking about the character Jane, because she is so independent and strong-willed. Charlloe's writing was progressive and pointed out at the flaws of the society.

The novel takes place in England around the 1840s, during the Victorian era. This period takes its name from Queen Victoria, who reigned from 1837 to 1901. The period was generally a time of peace and prosperity, and by the 1840s, England had emerged as the leading industrial society of the world and the hub of a vast colonial empire. The rising middle class was amassing unprecedented wealth, but for the working class 1840s came to be known as the 'Hungry Forties,' a time of poverty and economic upheaval. These class distinctions as well as the deprivations of the socially disadvantaged are evident in the plot, settings, and characters of 'Jane Eyre'.

The settings of 'Jane Eyre' contain elements that characterized her own life. The dreary moors of Yorkshire, England are most typified and as setting creates the mood and tone of the novel and Eyre herself, as did the gothic scene which Bronte lived, for her life and her work were characterized by a sense of hopelessness and was said to have never entertained pleasant thoughts of the future. Of course i is no easy o said who were proyypes for Charlloe's characters, but it is obvious that they existed.

1.2 The significance of the research

Many people with naivete believe that the things of the past remains in the past, hidden, forgotten and left. This is absolutely wrong, because the main point of history is to prevent errors, to teach us what is the best for us, what is not. History is not an empty place. Moreover the key in understanding contemporary situation also lies in the history, as well as in the history of colonialism. In XXth century, after the second World War ended, when colonialism stopped its existence, these new independent states and countries who shared a common history of colonial domination and humiliaion, began to rethink their past, that is how appeared post-colonialism, new intellectual discourse of reality.

The main aspect of post-colonialism is to study the contradiction of two clashing cultures, identies and ideologies, and the wide scale of problems resulting from it. It developed from and mainly refers to the time during and after colonialism. The post-colonial direction was created as colonial contries became independent. Nowadays, aspects of post-colonialism can be found everywhere in history,economy,science,culture, literature and many others directions. It is also an attempt of development and recovery of identity.

New method of interpretation, post-colonialism theory in literature quickly became very popular. With the use of post-colonialism theory we can reread famous novel 'Jane Eyre' and make our own conclusions. English literature was usually used as a medium for the colonial civilizing mission. It is very important to rediscover this topic in the novel. Contemporary issues like nuclear arm-race or the situation in Africa can be explained by colonialism. Furthermore, colonialism did not dissapear completly, it turned into neocolonialism, which is the practice of

using culture and buisness in order to influence the country. As scientist mentioned before there exists two kind of colonialism - one is the physical conquest of territories, the other is the colonization of the minds, selves and cultures. The second one is even more dangerous.

Moreover we need to consider that colonialism was the means through which capitalism achieved its global expansion, this is why the fight between capitlism and socialism, modern situation when America intends to turn every country in the world into the capitalistic and the struggle of the non-european countries against it, is also the result of colonialism. To put it simply the consequences that were brought by colonialism are complex and countless, but it does not mean we should drop our research. After exporing something smaller like fiction of Charllote Bronte we can recreate the small fragments of picture. We need to put them together in order to see why peopled struggled in the fight with colonialism, why the world we know now is our world, why we should not let colonialism happen again. Some reaserches say that history repeats itself, that is why we need to be very careful to our historical inheritance.

II. Literature Review

2.1 A brief introduction to colonialism

Not long ago, in the XXth century in the magazines or books you could see a caricature: a fat white man with a cigarette in his teeth lashes trembling from fear african(or it could be indian, malasiyan, etc.)This how people thought of

colonialism. Colonialism happens when one country exploits another country. Bu in reality defining colonialism is not a straightforward task. A variety of forms of historic and contemporary interaction between different peoples have been described as colonial or neo-colonial in character, and this poses problems: define the term too narrowly, and particular communities who have experienced injustice which they characterize as colonial are excluded; too broadly, and almost any form of relation featuring inequality of power between different international parties appears to be an instance of colonialism. What can make one country to exploit another? The answer is quite simple - power. Politics is very harsh thing and when one powerful, rich, strong country has an opportunity to use the weaker one, of course the chance would not be missed. In the XVIII-XIX centuries occured a 'boom' of colonization. Powerful European countries like Britain, France, Spain and the Netherlands began to settle colonies all over the world. When such countries searched for the land to live on they created the system of settlement. They sent people to live in the new territory. The local people usually suffered because they were threatened to move away by using force and violence. For example, killing locals were not very big deal in America. But not only the territory interested colonizators, new resources were also appealing. Who would refuse free gold, wood, coal and metals. People from distant countries also considered as resource, livig working resource or slave. One countries were far more developed than others and that's why white people were considered better than black.

So how did the colonialism begin? European countries began exploring and seeking to dominate the rest of the world during the 15th and 16th centuries, thanks to their ability to control sea routes and to the discovery of the American

continent. Portugal and Spain were very passionate about exploring the globe. They wanted to establish large overses empires. England, France, Netherland also involved themselves in the race of colonialism. Countries even begin to faught each other in order to gain new colony, because everybody knew that it was the source of wealth for a colonizing country and it's inhabitants. After the XVIIth XVIIth centuries England became the world most strong power, using the heands of The East India Company it conquered a lot of regions: India, Africa, Carribean and even America, which is nowadays a successful, was also one England colony.

The apogey of colonialism was the First World War, which happened because powerful countries reached the limit of conquered countries. Colonialism did not last long because in every country appeared a national resistance, they wanted to return their contries to their people, not to some white europeans who only robbed and teared apart national treasures. The history of resistance was succesful, after the Second World War, the marsh of independent countries began and colonialism cessed it existence. But it's influence is already engraved into our history.

2.2 The reflect of colonialism

The question of how, and indeed whether, we should judge historical colonialism from an ethical perspective is complex. For some, the practice of passing judgment on the past is problematic, since it seems to involve holding historic actors to account on the basis of contemporary standards of morality. It is clear that, at various points in time, historical acceptance of the propriety of much

colonial practice was widespread. Strikingly, the legitimacy of colonial intervention was supported by prominent political theorists who otherwise placed great emphasis on.

Now, colonialism has a bad reputation. Colonialism in my opinion is somehow a step to racism. When one country unequally treats another, people easily get used to the idea of superiority, which is really dangerous, because everybody knows what a man with a superiority complex like Hitler can do. Of course colonialism was not completely negative thing from objective point of view, but subjectively it is disastrous thing. Colonialism destroys people's ability for self-determination , robs people of their national and frequently involves genocide. Moreover it interrupts the right order of countrie's developing. Everybody knows that we can not let colonialism happen again, but it is happening right before our eyes. After physical colonialism ended, new more intelligent and more dangerous way of spiritual colonialism has appeared.

United States of America right now is the onbe who tries to monopolize all world, to colonize it, using all the means of intellectual productivity such as economics, literature, mass media, mental values, etc. Fortunately American spreading influence is not as smooth as America wanted it to be. One of the reasons of resistance to American capitalism is the result of disastrous experience of colonialism of the XVIII-XIX centuries. Many years of implanting europeans values later especially after the end of the colonialistic era caused total rejection of Western view on the world. Nowadays, we can see the tendencies of preserving national essence, many countries do not want to give in to the 'cultural colonialism

of the West'. They do not wish to accept capitalism, they want to see the world as they do. That is why US with it is practicaly aggressive propagand of freedom which is hiding behind the vast and attractive slogans of people right and liberation is met with rejection. Some countries like China already began to raise their 'soft power' in order not to be defensifeless. This new wave of intellectual colonialism, neocolonialism is currently in the move an nobody knows to which results will it lead our society.

2.3 The influence of colonialism

Everybody should know that the influence of colonialism is dual, double-sworded and not white and black. While colonialism brought suffering upon many countries it also gave them a push to development. Before colonialism South Asia, Africa, and the Americas were underdeveloped areas with primitive technology and infrastructure.

The Europeans introduced the telegraph, built roads, canals, railways. The system of healtcare and free schools were brought to colonized people. For example, on many African colonies, missionaries were responsabe for educating the masses. Although fewer than half of the children in most colonies went to school, many of the leaders of national liberation movements had been educated in colonial government and missionary schools.

Apart from that colonists welded colonized people. Colonizing powers created a lot of centralized governments where none existed before.The colonizers,

however, created political borders that served their own needs rather than reflecting the historical territorial divisions of the people who lived there. Suddenly, many ethnic groups that had never worked together were forced to do so. At the same time, some groups found their traditional territory divided by a political border between two colonial countries, fracturing ties between extended family and kinsmen. As a result, colonialism created large, ethnically fragmented countries prone to civil wars both during and after the colonial era.

Colonial powers conquered distant lands in part to exploit their natural resources, and exerted complete control of the extraction and export of cash crops and minerals -- often with little regard to helping the people native to the area. In agriculture-based colonies, a plantation economy developed, such as the coffee plantations of India and modern-day Sri Lanka. Plantation owners exerted strict control over the native people they hired to work there, often in deplorable conditions. In Southeast Asia, colonialism did have the positive effect of European investment and construction of canals and irrigation systems. African territories also saw roads and other infrastructure as a result of colonialism. However, such progress came at the expense of harsh treatment by the colonizers.

However there were a lot of negative influence of colonialism too. During the colonial era, many European colonizers, such as Great Britain, took a paternalistic view of the native culture. They saw themselves as acting in the best interests of these people, bringing them Christianity and civilization. This attitude destroyed traditional beliefs and social values, however, and had a negative effect on colonized populations. Some groups attempted to curry favor with the colonizers

by converting to Christianity and renouncing their traditional beliefs. Converts often acquired special military positions or privileged tasks in colonial government administration. For example, the French preferred to employ Vietnamese clerks and government administrators in Cambodia and Laos. Over time, colonizers often came to prefer certain ethnic groups in a colony over others, reinforcing or even exacerbating ancient ethnic tensions.

Also we should keep in mind that when colonialism finally ended, the big Western powers could not afford to keep their hands completely off their colonies, thus, they continued to influence politics and developments in these regions where their political and economic relationship was based on their colonial ties on multilateral relations and engagements

III. Character analysis

3.1The character of Jane Eyer

Jane Eyer is the main heroine of the story. In her childhood Jane, after the loss of her parents, is adopted by her uncle's family. Uncle's wife, Mrs. Sarah, and Jane's cousins hate poor girl and treat her very badly . When Jane is ten, she is sent to Lowood school, very strict place with severe rules. The pupils in this school are under-fed, beaten, poor things. At eighteen Jane becomes a teacher at the same school, but as soon as Jane's mentor, Miss Temple, marries and leaves Lowood, Jane postphones the position and decides to work as a governess. She is employed to work in Thornfield Hall, her duty is to teach a child. One day, while

working through the mist on the moors, Jane is bumped into by a man on a horse. This man is Mr.Rochester, Thornfiel'd owner. He says that Jane is a witch, because she somehow tricked his horse. Very soon Jane and Rochester became lovers, but unexpectedly for Jane, it turns out that Rochester has wife, which is kept hidden, because she is insane. Although Jane loves this man, she has too much self-respect and pride to be his mistrees. Jane, teared apart by her feelings, run away from Thornfield. She travels for a while, but after loosing her things, she finds the end of her journey on the moors, hungry, depressed, ill. Yong minister St. John Rivers rescues her. After recovering Jane becomes teacher to local farm girls. Suddenly she receives inheritance and proposal of the marriage from Sr. Rivers. They do not love each other, so Jane declinies. She returns to Thornfield only to find that it has been burned down, Rochester has gone blind and lost his hand. His wife died too, so we can see the happy ending where Jane and Rochester are happy in the marriage together.

As we can see from the plot, Jane possses a strong-willed character, she is an intelligent, honest, ordinary young girl that overcomes hardships of her life. Throught the novel, Jane repeatedly succeeds at maintaining her own principles of justice, human dignity, and morality. Her strenght of character can be seen in her actions, for example, she is true to herself - she refuses to back down to her cousins and her aunt because she is not guilty, she is not someone who did something wrong. She is true to her moral principles - she was madly in love with Mr Rochester and could have stayed with him after she found out about his wife, but she chose to leave him. She is also generous because after she found out about her inheritance, she chose to share it with ither people.

It is also necessary to mention that except men in her life, Jane is always in the center of teacher - student relathionship. Even her first friend Helen was a sort of teacher to her, she taught Jane about schoolwork and abour Christianity. Later Jane reverts the dynamic and in friendship with women she becames like a teacher to them. Jane is a bit different from others, she is unique, she is the first woman who refused Mr. Rochester.

3.1.2How Jane Eyer fight with colonialism for freedom

Postcolonialism is a theoretical method, that analyze how the issue of colonialism is presented in the literature. A postcolonial approach to Jane Eyre might begin by considering the following questions: What does the novel reveal about the way cultural difference was represented in Victorian culture? How did Britain justify its colonialist project by imaging the East as \"savage\" or uncivilized? What idea does the text create of \"proper\" British behavior?

In Jane Eyre, Bronte responds to the seemingly inevitable analogy in nineteenth-century British texts that compares white women with blacks in order to degrade both groups and assert the need for white male control. Bronte uses the analogy in Jane Eyre for her own purposes, not to signify not shared inferiority but shared opression. This figurative strategy induces some sympathy with blacks as those who are also opressed, but does not preclude racism. The novel itself draws a parallel between slavery and Jane social's position as a child.

As a child when she first bursts out at John Reed, she cries \"You are like

murderer - you are like slave driver - you are like the Roman emperors! .\"I resisted all the way: a new thing for me.\" - Jane says this as Bessie is taking her to be locked in the red-room after she had fought back when John Reed struck her. For the first time Jane is asserting her rights, and this action leads to her eventually being sent to Lowood School. and the adult Jane explains \"I was conscious that a moment's mutinity had already rendered me liable to strange penalties,a nd, like any other rebel slave, I felt resolved, in my desperation, to go all lenghts\". Later, when Jane has been placed by Brocklehurst on the stool, she thinks of herself as \"a slave or victim\". Mrs. Reed complains to the adult Jane 'to this day I find it impossible to understand:how for nine years you could be patient and quiescent under any treatment, and in the tenth break out all fire and violence\" Jane brings herself to \"mutinity\" and becomes a rebel slave in her tenth year, like Bertha whoa fter 10 yearts in her room broke out in fire and blood.

Jane's governessing becomes like a slavery to her only when Rochester arrives with his ruling-class friends and she experiences the dehumanizing regard of her class superiors. Before this those around Jane treat her as an equal. Jane also experience social class slavery because of economic inequality between her and Rochester. “Do you think, because I am poor, obscure, plain and little, I am soulless and heartless? You think wrong! - I have as much soul as you, - and full as much heart! And if God had gifted me with some beauty and much wealth, I should have made it as hard for you to leave me, as it is now for me to leave you!” – said Jane to Mr. Rochester. It is also her words in which she defend the women rights: 'Women are supposed to be very calm generally: but women feel just as men feel; they need exercise for their faculties, and a field for their efforts, as much

as their brothers do; they suffer from too rigid a restraint, to absolute a stagnation, precisely as men would suffer; and it is narrow-minded in their more privileged fellow-creatures to say that they ought to confine themselves to making puddings and knitting stockings, to playing on the piano and embroidering bags. It is thoughtless to condemn them, or laugh at them, if they seek to do more or learn more than custom has pronounced necessary for their sex.' Receiving valuable gifts makes her feel as a degradaded slave. Being mistress to Jane is also kind of slavery, she founds it unhealthy, that's why she escapes. Even in the end of the novel, she says \"I am my own mistress\

3.2 The character of Rochester

Mr. Rochester is the leading male character in 'Jane Eyre'. He has quite handsome appearances, tanned skin, severe face, and quickly conquers the heart of young Jane. He is twice her age and rather rude and obnoxious, he is a bit of evil and moody. Many reaserches protytype him as byronic hero, which is the type of character, that has a set of treats as mysterious, arrogant, dark and ruled by his passions. He has an ability to read people unspoken thoughts. Often on the edge of violence, Rochester surrends himself to his feelings rather than to his mind. Giving away to his passion he has made an abrupt decision to marry Jamaica woman. He didn't know she were insane. He is also being lied to by his own family because of money affairs. These things raise distrust in him and distant Rochester from his own social circle. Rochester likes to make excuses for himself. He thinks something is wright if it is pleasant enough, moral principles can be shattered.

When he meets Jane, he really falls in love with her, but he is maybe desillusioned, or maybe too egoistical, because he wants to make her his wife, despite the fact that he has already one himself. \"I knew,\" he continued, \"you would do me good in some way, at some time: I saw it in your eyes when I first beheld you; their expression and smile did not.strike delight to my inmost heart so for nothing\" - After the fire Rochester tries to get Jane to stay with him longer and he says this to her. This is one of the reasons that Jane feels he fancies her. Here we see how Rochester thionks of Jane as his own angel. In his attempt to seduce her he tries to buy Jane expensive clothes, making her fell rather uncomfortable. He doesn't really consider what difficulties this false marriage with Jane can bring to people around him. Gradually Jane brings out the best in him. He has a lot of dark secrets, which is lowly revealed in the novel. This character shows dynamic, he is slowly changing throught the novel, at the end of the novel, blind and injured Rochester became a new man, who left his dark past behind him.

He has understood that he is weaker in many ways than Jane. To show us Mr. Rochester character more clearly Bronte uses the charachter of St. John Rivers as a contrast to Edward Rochester. While Rochester is passionate, St. John is not. Rochester’s eyes always burn with flame and passion, whereas St. John's eyes is cold and similar to ice and snow. Marriage with Rochester is a symbol of passion, marriage with St. John needs passion to be sacrificied. With Rochester Jane experience love, with St. John she could be useful to society.

3.2.1How Rochester carry colonialism

Mr.Rochester is a stereotypical white, wealthy man, colonizator and opressor. He got a West Indian fortune by marrying a Jamaican woman. After that he lived in Jamaica for about four years. A rich Mister like him, living in country like Jamaica would undoubtedly have had slaves. His Jamaica fortune would of course have been product of slave labourgh. Once he said 'hiring a mistress is the next worse thing to buying a slave:both are often by nature, and always by position, inferior:and to love familiarly with inferiors is degrading', so we can conclude that he draws a parallel and he was actually slave master. Mr. Rochester is the main opressor in the story, he, white man, keep his insane Jamaica wife closed and hidden. When Rochester exclaims of Bertha that \"she came of a mad family; idiots and maniacs throught three generations! Her mother, the Creole, was both a madman and drunkard!\" he locates both madness and drunkenness in his wife's material line, which is again empatically and ambigously labelled \"Creole\". By doing so, he associates that line with two of the most common stereotypes associated with blacks in the nineteenth century.

Apart from his wife, Mr. Rochester is also an opressor to Jane, he has a higher social and economy status. Although Rochester wants to see in Jane her equal he cannot let go of his past self. In the book he compares himself with \"the Grand Turk\" that prefers his one little English girl to the garem. He also sees in Jane his angel and want to \"tie\" her to him. He wants to buy Jane jwelery that will chain her to him. He wants to dress her up like a puper doll that he owns.These words and comparisons only stresses dark past of Rochester, which is associated with slavery and Jamaica. Not only Mr. Rochester's wife can be symbol of coloniailism in th enovel, but also his past love french Cecile. Although France of course never was

colonized country in the novel all foreign to Britain somehow are paralleled with something barbarique.

Despite the fact that Jane Eyre is strong woman, at the end she still calls Mr. Rochester her master - “Most true is it that 'beauty is in the eye of the gazer.' My master’s colourless, olive face, square, massive brow, broad and jetty eyebrows, deep eyes, strong features, firm, grim mouth, — all energy, decision, will, — were not beautiful, according to rule; but they were more than beautiful to me; they were full of an interest, an influence that quite mastered me, — that took my feelings from my own power and fettered them in his. I had not intended to love him; the reader knows I had wrought hard to extirpate from my soul the germs of love there detected; and now, at the first renewed view of him, they spontaneously arrived, green and strong! He made me love him without looking at me.”

Ⅳ.The type of colonialism in Jane Eyer

4.1 The land of colonialism

In 'Jane Eyre' all the main plot is happening in Britain. England in the XIXth century was the most powerful country who had a lot of colonies all over the world. British people somehow met traces of colonialism in their everyday life. They read newspapers about british colonized territories, went to explore these new colonies, take part in the wars which aim was to conquer the 'barbarians'. Apart from Britain in the novel an important place takes the Jamaica.

Mr. Rochester wife is from Jamaica, and Mr. Rochester also lived for four years in Jamaica. Jamaica was discovered in the second voyage of Christopher Columb in 1494, lately it became Spanish one of the Spanish colonies. The Spanish arrival was a disaster to the natives, great numbers of locals were sent to Spain as slaves, others used as slaves on site, and many killed by the invaders, despite the efforts of Spanish Christian missionaries to prevent these outrages. There were no natives inhabitants left on the island by the XVII century , but soon to Jamaica were brought African slaves.

After that Britain established the Royal Africa Company, a slave-trading companyd. It used Jamaica as its main market. Soon the island became a centre of slave trading. Many slaves arrived to Jamaica in order to raise sugar plantation. Jamaica had possibly the highest number of slave uprising in the territory of Carribean. Settlers used slave labour for tyheir own needs, they developed sugar, cocoa, indigo and later coffee plantations. The island was very prosperous by the time of the Napoleon reign, exporting sugar and coffee. But in the beginning of the XIX century sugar prices dropped, the slave trade was abolished, and slaves were emancipated. Jamaica’s worsening economic situation caused widespread suffering and discontent. In the XXth century Jamaica slowly gained increasing independence from the United Kingdom.

I think that Charllote choose very good examples of countries to demonstrate the inequality between the country: powerful the world's most strong ritain and one of her colonies, Jamaica, where slavery were common. The contrast is vivid and emphasize the special features of colonialism. It is clearly seen how one

country exploits another.

4.2The Emotional of colonialism

Colonialism give the birth to negative emotions, colonized people as Jane or Mr. Rochester's wife can be patient and mute for a long time, but these does not mean they do not feel any emotions in this period of time. Like our heroes colonized nations reached their point of break. Opression, humilation including(self-humilation), hatered, indignity, embarrassment, abasement, mortification, helplesness, rage, are all components of colonisation. When Jane compares herself to a slave she never uses positive feelings, only negative and it is understandable, because life of the slave doe snot have many joys.

After gaining independences colonized countries began to rethink why it happened, who were to blame. National pride and national feeleings of self indificaation suffered a lot. And I think that they were changed with no returning point. I think colonial actions provoked the crisis of national identities. National identity is a person's identity and sense of belonging to one state or to one nation, a feeling one shares with a group of people, regardless of one's citizenship status. Many professors see national identity in psychological terms as a feeling of difference - a feeling and recognition of 'we' and 'they'\". People thought that they were equal to other nations, but when colonialism came, they felt themselves worser and lower, they felt themselves different, they were make to believe they were different, even though it was completely untrue.

Nowadays we can see how offsprings of colonized people harshly react to the mentions of colonialism. Some would suspect they still hate white people. On the forums in the internet it is not rare to see that people blame modern white people for the violence their ancestors did. This situation is dangerous, especially in modern obstacles when the culture differences is the thing that is making history to develop. It is much disputed whether anything follows from an acceptance of the unjust character of colonialism, as is clear from contemporary debates over the payment of reparations by the modern-day counterparts of historic colonial powers. Such states have made moves toward acknowledging the injustice of historic colonialism, so, for example, The Declaration on the Granting of Independence to Colonial Countries and Peoples, adopted by the UN General Assembly in 1960, accepted that “the subjection of peoples to alien subjugation, domination and exploitation constitutes a denial of fundamental human rights” . The 2001 United Nations World Conference against Racism, Racial Discrimination, Xenophobia, and Related Intolerance in Durban acknowledged and regretted the “massive human suffering” caused by slavery and colonialism , but was also marked by the refusal of former colonial powers to commit to making formal apologies or paying reparations. States may seek to resist such demands for material recompense for obvious reasons of national self-interest. The relative weakness of international law, and, in particular, its lack of retrospective effect, means that such states cannot plausibly be compelled to pay reparations, and former colonial powers have regularly invoked statutes of limitations to avoid the claims even of living victims of acknowledged injustice, as in the controversy over whether the UK Government should pay compensation to individuals tortured during the Mau Mau insurgency in Kenya in the 1950s. Leaving legal issues aside,

is it justifiable for modern-day states to refuse to put right the misdeeds of their colonial forbears?

Anyway situation like events that happened in Ferguson in America not long ago returns us to the history of colonialism to the trauma that it caused to many nations. I think every former colonized country nowadays wish to become strong, to make powerful nations submit. Cultural nationalism often acompanies colonialism. But clearly not every national misfortune is caused by colonialism. Some peoples, indeed, no longer exist as a direct result of colonialism, as in the case of the Parlevar people of Tasmania. The claim that such actions were deeply unjust can be made from a variety of ethical perspectives.

4.3 The freedom of colonialism

A slave is a person who is owned or enslaved by another person. In colonial times, people from the west coast of Africa were captured and shipped to Virginia and other colonies to work as slaves. In Virginia these Africans lived and worked on plantations or small farms where tobacco was the cash crop. Enslaved for life, they could be bought or sold as property.

Enslaved people in Virginia faced a life of great hardship. Those on smaller farms often lived in a kitchen or other outbuilding or in crude cabins near the farmer’s house. On large tobacco plantations, the field slaves usually lived in cabins grouped together in the slave quarter, which was farther away from the master’s house but under the watchful eye of an overseer. Although large

plantations had many enslaved people, most owners usually had fewer than five, including children. Living on a small farm often made it hard for black men and women to find wives and husbands to start families. Sometimes white masters split up families and sent parents or children to different places to live and work which also made it difficult to raise a family. As a general rule, enslaved people worked from sunrise to sunset, usually in the tobacco fields. On large plantations, some learned trades and worked as blacksmiths, carpenters, and coopers or served as cooks and house servants.

This is just an example of one case of slavery, but it describes severe and harsh treatment of slaves. Every person in the world should be free. Nowadays it is publically well known and accepted that every man, of no matter what race, gender or age has the basic human rights. But it is not the same to the main heroes of 'Jane Eyre'. Different time - different situation. It is shown in the novel that in the XIXth century slavery existed and slaves were rather common. There is no such thing as freedom of colonialism. When colonialism occurs freedom doesn't exists to everyone. Or you can say freedom for slaves exists as much as their masters wants. Or you can say that freedom of colonialism is the freedom of the opressor, in the colonialism epoch he had more rights than people have nowadays, opressor could kill, beat and do everything he wanted to do with his slave.

Jane compares her opressed status of a woman to a status of a slave. Metaphorically she is fighting not only for feminism but also for freedom of all oppressed and that includes slaves. She has the freedom of speach, freedom of

will, freedom of thinking and choice. Charllote Bronte shows to a reader that colonialism demolishes freedom and this exactly how it is. There we can see the importance of the Mr. Rochester's wife, she has no freedom, she is limited like a slave, if his wife were British lady would Mr. Richester also kept her locked like a savage beast? Who knows. But the fact is that Mr. Rochester wife is like a contrast figure to Jane, one is truly free, while another is not. \"In the deep shade, at the farther end of the room, a figure ran backwards and forwards. What it was, whether beast or human being, one could not, at first sight tell: it groveled, seemingly on all fours: it snatched and growled like some strange wild animal: but it was covered with clothing and a quantity of dark, grizzled hair wild as a mane, hid its head and face\" – this is the description of beastly wife.

People are always be unequal, some have more power, some have mor money, some have neither, but everyone should be capable to do a choice and shoulder responsibility for it, this is freedom. When freedom does not exists, people beame like cattle, it is historically proved that slavery and any other forms of it really slow downs the whole progress of human nation. It happened in America where white exploited black, it happened in Russia where serfdom took place for many years. Slavery and it is form is degradating, depraving humans of freedom and freedom (as self-consciousness) is what constitutes the individual human being. At some times and in some places, colonial domination involved multiple instances of genocide, slavery, rape and sexual enslavement, murder, torture, and the forcible displacement of people and break-up of families.

4.4 The personality of colonialism

Colonialism does not respect personality of a individual. Colonialism deeply affects people character, it produceres mind slaves. Creation and fostering of a distinct slave is one of the result of exploation. Slave needed to be obedient, patient, lack of wiil power and live only in the name of their master. These qualities were engraved into people so much that some of the slaves after receiving freeedom did not know what to do with it. Freedom tore them apart, because ito let go of a slave mind and become a master yourself is as difficult as to aolish slavery. This only can mean that colonialism and any of its deviation can destroy the personality and its character, if the person is not strong enough.

Unlike any others, Jane Eyre is strongly willed woman, who does not agree with any opression, she rebels, according to Bronte this is the right pattern of behaviour in such situation. While suffering humilation and dehumanisation we should not give up to the opressors. We always need to preserve our personality. But it is easier said that done. After all, right now we even have a problem of a slave mind, where masses of people, whose ancestors were not fully free, nowadays lack of political or any others personal views. Such kind of people do not participate in the political activies, they do as their governement tells them to do, they are patient and can suffer through a lot, but stay silent. This is not how it is supposed to be, people neee dto get reed of their slaves mentality. They need to remember charachters like Jane Eyre and do not succumb to the superior force. Moreover we need to remember that slavery badly influence not only the opressed but the opressors too, they become violent, sadistic, lazy, degradate further and further.

Ⅴ.Conclusion

Colonialism is not the thing of the past, in different forms its influence surrounds us nowadays. That is why we study this phenomen. While we read the fiction of Charllote Bronte we gather information about society from the context of the book. And we need to analazy this context. In Jane Eyre Bronte uses the popular analogy that was very popular in nineteenth-century British texts that compares white women with blacks in order to degrade both groups and assert the need for white male control. Jane Eyre always compares her status with the status of slave and she never gives up, she is always fighting with the opressors. Mr. Rochester however is the character that describes the most common feaures of the white man in the XIX century. He is the constant opressor and the man in power. Mr. Rocheser's wife is an opressed Jamaican woman. Introducing to the novel problem of slavery in Jamaica, describing characters that were deeply touched by colonialism, Charlllote Bronte shows us how colonialism changed simple people all over the world. She shows us that colonialism is not something to be proud about, it is ugly and devastating thing that should not be forget with time. It changes people's personalities, make them slaves, demolish all the basic right of human beings. We should never forget that colonialism and its consequences surrounds us in everyday life, that is why it is so important to never forget and learn about it.

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