Environmental Ecology 环境生态学

Environmental ecology, mainly in humanities and social and environmental ecology international wide public concern\" the concept of sustainable development \\"environmental protection and sustainable development strategy problem\\"harmonious society and circular economy\\"human survival way and environmental ecological crisis\\"China at the beginning of 21 century on the path of sustainable development\\"environmental culture and living safety\\"global warming the earth's environment and the ecological security\\"ozone depletion of earth environment the ecological influence\\"acid rain on the earth's environment the ecological influence\\"urbanization on city environment and regional climate effect\heat transfer and the interaction numerical simulation\\"western China development of water resources and the sustainable development problems\".

In the 21 st century, the human face of worsening ecological environment and the lack of human resources, clearly recognized that must walk the path of sustainable development. From a long-term perspective, the development environment ecological education is to solve the environmental problems and the implementation of the strategy of sustainable development at all. Higher school education is to improve

the ecological environment of the new century, the environment of the builders ecological awareness, to the transportation environment of specialized personnel the ecological protection of important way. As a contemporary college students, must have the living environment and the sense of urgency and have the time should be the new century demand quality talent environmental knowledge.

Environmental ecology environment pollution on the study of the ecological principles and rules, the comprehensive control of environmental pollution, natural resources protection and utilization of energy and waste of resources and technology, the purpose is to improve the ecological environment of the worsening, achieve the sustainable utilization of resources, and promote economic, environmental and the sustainable development of the human society. Environmental ecology research object is polluted environment to the ecological system (to give priority to the influence of the creatures). It is the study of the biological and ecological system of environment pollution between action and reaction, opposite and uniformity and depend on each other and restraint and material circulation and metabolism and a series of interaction, and the rule of law with the internal mechanism. Life system and manual intervention environment of interaction between the two systems, can show at all levels for level, so the research object of ecology, environment

includes both from on macroscopic research environment pollution and human intervention to individuals, environmental biological population, communities and ecological system the basic laws of influence, including from the microscopic research pollutants and the environment of the manual intervention of biological molecules, cells and tissues and organs of the toxicity of produce and the mechanism.

Environmental pollution is because the ecological system of harmful substances into the environment on the ecological system of the interference and damage caused by the phenomenon, or pollution. Specifically is, harmful substances or harmful factors into the environment and the environment, migration, the transformation of diffusion occur, and the elements of the ecological system to produce action to make ecological system, the structure and function of the change of human and other creatures, the survival and development of the adverse impact. But to give the environmental pollution caused by the destruction of the ecological system directly influence and the accumulation of the pollutants and migration transformation can also cause a DuoZhong derivative environmental effects, to the ecosystem and human social cause harm, sometimes the indirect effect of the indirect environmental damage caused by the direct than was more harm, and much harder to eliminate. For example, the greenhouse effect, acid rain,

and ozone depletion is derived by air pollution of the environment effect. This kind of environment pollution derived environment, often lag effect has in pollution happened at that time is not easy to be perceived or expected, however, if it happens, said the environment pollution have been developed to quite serious.

Of course, the pollution of environment the most direct, the easiest to perceive consequences is to make the quality of the environment, human down affect human life quality, body health and production activities. Such as the city's air pollution, air pollution and so on; the incidence of people rise Water pollution makes the water environment quality deterioration, drinking water quality general decline, the threat to the health of the human body, cause fetal premature birth or deformity, and so on. Serious pollution incident brings not only health problems, also cause the social problems. With rising and the people of the pollution increasing awareness of the environment pollution caused by the crowd, because of disputes and conflicts increases year by year.

At present in the global range are different degree occurs the pollution of environment issues, a global impact have the atmospheric pollution, Marine pollution, urban environment, environmental pollution is also increasingly asked on the trend of internationalization, recent

hazardous waste is the problem of the transfer of the border of the outstanding performance.

Modern biological technology and environmental protection, modern biological technology is DNA molecular technology as the foundation, including microbial engineering, cellular engineering, enzyme engineering, genetic engineering and a series of biological high-tech floorboard. Modern biological technology not only in crop improvement, medical research, food engineering plays a significant role, but also with the increasingly more prominent environmental problems in the treatment of pollution, and environmental biological monitoring plays an important role. Since the 1980 s biological technology as a high and new technology, has generally by the world countries and folk research institutions highly, developing very rapidly. Compared with the traditional method, biological control method has many advantages.

Because of \"traditional environmental technology can not to\" contemporary environmental biological technology, the development of high level technology mainly in the hot, namely to molecular biology technology as the main body, by genetic engineering as the leading pollution diagnosis, pollution monitoring, pollution control and ecological remediation technologies. Among them, the environmental

biological new technology, new methods of development and utilization, such as pollution of the environment molecular diagnosis technology is pollution control and repair the premise and basis. Because the current environmental biological technology researchers, still can't very well in biological chip, genetically modified, stem cell, protein group, metabolic group, biological technology, such as the development of light pollution detection and monitoring of the effective method.

People and the environment is inseparable relationship. In the past, present and future, human beings are always in constant change the environment, create not only use, and beautiful environment space. City imply, is more than just building, streets, shops and construct the accumulation of artificial things and contain in many functional facilities and hard landscape of social culture, accompanied by economic, political and urban residents colorful life. From external visual image of the city is to see, by its plane structure, the sky outline, various building, facilities, regional market, open space, landmark plant gardens and indefinite traffic tools through a city, but these are people in choice and the selected behavior formed under the physical form, which contain deep natural law, social psychology, human emotions and historical vicissitudes of life.

Urbanization in bring about many benefits for people at the same

time, also caused a series of serious ecological environment problems, to natural ecosystem and the people's health effects. These problems is reflected in three aspects: one is the urban climate change (such as heat island effect) and environmental pollution, including water, air and noise and solid waste pollution, etc.; 2 it is natural resource depletion and shortages, especially fresh water, fossil fuel, cultivated land excessive utilization and biodiversity of the reduced; Three is the city the increase of population, resulting in a large number of social issues, such as housing nervous, heavy traffic, reduce, education and health and green lag and so on. Ecological city is to point to in ecological system, within the scope of carrying capacity of the ecological economy principle and system engineering construction method of the city. And Ecological city construction, change the traditional way of production and consumption, decision-making and management methods, fully mining district inside and outside the resources can be exploited to all potential, has developed economy, ecology and efficient industry, the system is reasonable, the harmony of the society culture and ecological health, landscape suitable environment, to achieve the conditions of the socialist market economy, economic growth and environmental protection, material civilization and the spiritual civilization, natural ecological and human ecological high unification.

Ecological city practice methods should be coordinated economic and social development, at the same time ensure long-term ecological health and future generations, the resources needed for survival and development. China's ecological city planning with other plan to have two different. Its planning time more than 20 years of general (general layout planning of fixed number of year), for long-term development direction. In addition, ecological city planning than any other plan covers the content more widely. China's ecological city method can reflect the most need to solve two aspects of the--the economic and ecological, the purpose is to seek for the economic and social benefits, long-term ecological health and resource management and coordination. Social issue would be in the discussions of the ecological city becomes more and more important. First, pay attention to the exploration of the urban ecology theory, especially the different scale of urban construction and function of; Second, expanding the scope of the city scientific research, that is, from the city by a single objective of the study, change is compound ecological system in rural and urban studies, including half of urbanized area research and rural industrialization and urban agglomeration research; Third, the development of ecological city construction applicable technology system, and promote the existing technology the ecological; Fourth, for ecological city construction ecological landscape planning and provide the ecological culture

methodological guidance; Fifth, establish the corresponding policies and decrees and rewards and punishment system, promote the development of ecological city; Sixth, strengthen education, training and ecological city construction, enhance the ability of ecological consciousness; Seventh, to strengthen international between cities and communities, cooperation and communication between the..

We have a responsibility, which is not only consider the meaning, and open our own to experience the beauty and follows the lead. The urban environment art, a kind of choice and the progress of relief.

The current both large and medium cities or towns and villages, the ecological construction practice in our country on booming has. People are more and more aware of ecological city development and construction of ecological city the importance and the urgency of

Ecological city is put forward based on the awakening of the human ecological civilization and to the traditional industrialization and industrial cities, ecological city has not reflect pure natural ecology, but the natural, social and economic compound the symbiosis between the urban ecological, it and sanitation city, garden city, urban landscape, garden city, forest city, different qu co-workers, have distinction to have

connection again already, have increase public cultural quality and life quality effect, note that the Chinese ecological environment conditions differ in thousands ways, may not single development type and development model, need to adjust measures to local conditions of ecological city planning create all sorts of type and various development model.

Facing the new century, the human orientation and inevitable choice is ecology. Urban ecological development path, construction go ecological city is the inevitable trend of the development of history. The construction of ecological city cannot leave the creative planning and design, creative planning and design need forward-looking theoretical guidance. In the research of ecological city became a city plan the forefront of research topic. Change the traditional urban planning values, it is necessary in new ecological values of the current under the guidance of the urban planning theory to a fundamental reform system, ecological city planning and design theory principle and method, the method, a series of problems, such as technology to meet the need of the time.

Ecological city idea contains the sustainable development idea and city and nature coexist aims, the domestic future urban planning work have important significance. In today's science and technology is

developed, to transform nature (namely human intervention natural ability of past situation, far beyond human must be aware that any living environment (including city) is a global ecological system, part of the human activities within the limit in the ecological necessary, and fully embodied in the planning, this is true in the premise of sustainable development of establishing ecological city, is also the fundamental guarantee.

Ecological civilization of moral evaluation standard, in general, that is beneficial to the human and the nature harmonious relationship between the behavior of the construction is good, what things are harmful to the human and the nature harmonious relationship between the behavior of the construction is evil. Of course, consciously abide by the environmental law shall ecological civilization is the base line of ethics standards, specific provision people in dealing with the relationship between man and nature, what should do and what should not do. And active practice ecological ethics behavior may allow have DuoZhong realm. The highest state is \"ecological self-supervision\when and where, regardless of whether supervision, always to ecological moral standard, in the interests of both consciously and ecological benefits, the determination to promote the harmony between human being and nature and prosperity, and the relationship between man and nature to

solve the crisis with all my heart. In short, ecology theory in China construction of ecological civilization society has the important, not the role of the body, and provide scientific theory.

环境生态学

《环境生态学》主要以人文社会和环境生态学方面国际社会广泛关注的“可持续发展的理念”、“环境保护与可持续发展战略问题”、“和谐社会和循环型经济”、“人类生存方式与环境生态危机”、“中国21世纪初可持续发展之路”、“环境文化与生存安全”、“全球变暖与地球环境生态安全”、“臭氧层破坏对地球环境生态的影响”、“酸雨对地球环境生态的影响”、“城市化对城市环境及区域气候的影响”、“沙漠－绿洲生态系统水热输送及相互作用数值模拟”、“中国西部水资源开发与可持续发展问题”。

在人类跨入21世纪之际，面临不断恶化的生存环境生态和资源的匮乏，人类清醒地认识到必须走可持续发展的道路。从长远观点来说，发展环境生态教育是解决环境问题和实施可持续发展战略的根本。高等学校的环境生态教育，是提高新世纪建设者的环境生态意识，向社会输送环境生态保护专门人才的重要途径。作为当代大学生，必须具有生存环境的时代紧迫感和具备应有的新世纪人才环境知识的需求素质。

环境生态学研究重点是环境污染的生态学原理和规律、环境污染的综合治理、自然资源的保护和利用、废弃物的能源化和资源化技术，研究目的是改善不断恶化的生态环境，达到资源的永续利用，促进经济、环境和人类社会的可持续发展．环境生态学的研究对象是污染的环境对整个生态系统（以生物为主）的影响。它是研究生态系统中的生物与污染的环境两者之间作用与反作用、对立与统一、相互依赖与相互制约、物质的循环与代谢等一系列相互作用的规律，以及支配这些规律的内在机理。生命系统与人为干预的环境系统两者之间的相互作用，可以表现为各级水平，所以，环境生态学的研究对象既包括从宏观上研究环境中污染物和人为干预的环境对生物的个体、种群、群落和生态系统产生影响的基本规律，也包括从微观上研究污染物和人为干预的环境对生物的分子、细胞和组织器官产生的毒害作用及其机理。

环境污染是指由于对生态系统有害的物质进入环境后对生态系统造成的干扰和损害的现象，简称污染。具体来说就是，有害物质或有害因子进入环境并在环境中发生扩散、迁移、转化，并跟生态体统的诸要素发生作用，使生态系统的结构与功能发生变化，对人类以及其它生物的生存和发展产生不利影响。 环境污染除了给生态系统造成直接的破坏和影响外，污染物的积累和迁移转化还会引起多种衍生的环境效应，给生态系统和人类社会造成间接的危害，有时这种间接的环境效应的危害比当时造成的直接危害更大，也更难消除。例如，温室效应、酸雨、和臭氧层破坏就是由大气污染衍生出的环境效应。这种由环境污染衍生的环境效应具有滞后性，往往在污染发生的当时不易被察觉或预料到，然而一旦发生就表示环境污染已经发展到相当严重的地步。

当然，环境污染的最直接、最容易被人所感受的后果是使人类环境的质量下降，影响人类的生活质量、身体健康和生产活动。例如城市的空气污染造成空气污浊，人们的发病率上升等等；水污染使水环境质量恶化，饮用水源的质量普遍下降，威胁人的身体健康，引起胎儿早产或畸形等等。严重的污染事件不仅带来健康问题，也造成社会问题。随着污染的加剧和人们环境意识的提高，由于污染引起的人群纠纷和冲突逐年增加。

目前在全球范围内都不同程度地出现了环境污染问题，具有全球影响的方面有大气环境污染、海洋污染、城市环境问，环境污染也日益呈现国际化趋势，近

年来出现的危险废物越境转移问题就是这方面的突出表现。

现代生物技术与环境保护，现代生物技术是以DNA分子技术为基础，包括微生物工程，细胞工程，酶工程，基因工程等一系列生物高新技术的总称。现代生物技术不仅在农作物改良、医药研究、食品工程方面发挥着重要作用，而且也随着日益突出的环境问题在治理污染、环境生物监测等方面发挥着重要的作用。自20世纪80年代以来生物技术作为一种高新技术，已普遍受到世界各国和民间研究机构的高度重视，发展十分迅猛。与传统方法比较，生物治理方法具有许多优点。

正因为要“能传统环境技术之不能”，当代环境生物技术的发展热点主要集中在高层次技术，即以分子生物学技术为主体，以基因工程为主导的污染诊断、污染监测、污染控制及污染生态修复技术上。其中，环境生物新技术、新方法的开发和利用，如污染环境的分子诊断技术是污染控制与修复的前提和基础。因为当前环境生物技术研究人员，仍不能很好地用生物芯片、转基因、干细胞、蛋白质组、代谢组、生物发光等技术，发展出有效的污染检测与监测方法。

人与环境有着密不可分的关系。无论过去、现在还是未来，人类总是在不断地改造环境，创造不仅使用，而且美观的环境空间。城市所意味的，不仅仅是建筑、街道、商店等人工建构物的堆积，而蕴涵着在诸多功能性设施及硬质景观相伴下的社会文化、经济、政治和城市居民多姿多彩的生活。从外在的视觉影像来看，城市是由其平面结构、天际轮廓、各色建筑、街市设施、区域地标、开放的空间、植栽园林及穿梭不定的交通工具所构成，然而这些都是城市人在选择和被选择的行为方式下形成的物质形态，其间蕴涵着深厚的自然法则、社会心理、人文情感及历史沧桑。

城市化在为人们带来许多益处的同时，也产生一系列严重的生态环境问题，对自然生态系统和人民健康产生影响。这些问题主要表现在三个方面：一是城市的气候变化（如热岛效应）和环境污染，包括水、空气、噪声和固体废弃物污染等；二是自然资源的耗竭与短缺，特别是淡水、化石燃料、耕地的过度利用和生物多样性的减少；三是城市人口的增加导致大量的社会问题，如住房紧张、交通拥挤、绿地减少、教育与卫生滞后等。生态城市是指在生态系统承载能力范围内，运用生态经济学原理和系统工程方法建设起来的城市。生态市建设，改变了传统

的生产和消费方式、决策和管理方法，充分挖掘市域内外一切可以利用的资源潜力，具有经济发达、生态高效的产业，合理、社会和谐的文化以及生态健康、景观适宜的环境，实现了社会主义市场经济条件下，经济腾飞与环境保护、物质文明与精神文明、自然生态与人类生态的高度统一。

生态城市实践方法应该是协调经济和社会发展，同时保证长期的生态健康和后代人生存与发展所需的资源。中国的生态城市规划同其他的规划有两点区别。它的规划时间一般超过20年（总体规划的年限），为长期的发展指明方向。另外，生态城市规划比起其他的规划所涵盖的内容更广泛。中国的生态城市方法反映了最需解决的两个方面—经济和生态，目的是为寻求经济和社会利益，长期的生态健康和资源管理之间的协调发展。社会问题会在生态城市的讨论中变得越来越来重要。第一，重视城市生态学理论的探索，特别是不同规模城市的结构与功能的研究；第二，扩大城市科学研究的范围，即从由单一的城市为对象的研究，转变为对城乡复合生态系统的研究，包括半城市化地区的研究和乡村工业化与城市群的研究；第三，发展生态城市建设适用技术体系，促进现有技术的生态化；第四，为生态城市建设提供生态景观规划和生态文化的方上的指导；第五，建立相应的、法令和奖惩制度，促进生态城市的发展；第六，加强教育、培训和生态城市的能力建设，增强生态意识；第七，加强国际间、城市间和社区间的合作与交流.。

我们有一个责任，即不仅仅是仔细考虑美的含义，而且开放我们自己去体验美并且遵循美的引导。城市环境艺术，一种在选择之中的进步与慰藉。

当前无论是大中城市还是小城镇和乡村,生态化建设实践己在我国蓬勃展开。人们越来越意识到城市生态化发展及建设生态城市的重要性和迫切性

生态城市的提出是基于人类生态文明的觉醒和对传统工业化和工业城市的反思，生态城市已不是纯自然的生态，而是自然、社会、经济复合共生的城市生态，它和卫生城市、园林城市、山水城市、花园城市、森林城市、异曲而同工，既有区别又有联系，都具有提高市民文化素质与生活质量的功效，值得注意的是中国生态环境条件千差万别，不可能单一的发展类型和发展模式，需因地制宜的创造各种生态城市规划类型和各种发展模式。

面向新世纪，人类的取向和选择必然是生态化。城市走生态化发展道路、建

设生态城市是历史发展的必然趋势。建设生态城市离不开创造性的规划设计,创造性的规划设计需要前瞻性的理论指导。开展对生态城市的研究成为城市(规划)研究的前沿课题。改变传统的城市规划价值观,有必要在新的生态价值观指导下对当前城市规划理论进行根本性变革,系统地研究生态城市理论原理及其规划设计方法、手段、技术等一系列问题，以适应时代发展的需要。

生态城市理念所包含的可持续发展思想和城市与自然共存的目标，对国内今后的城市规划工作有着重要指导意义。在当今科学技术相当发达、人类改造自然（即干预自然）的能力远远超出以往的情形，人类必须意识到任何人居环境(包括城市)都是全球生态系统的一部分，人类活动必需在生态极限内进行，并充分地体现在规划之中，这是真正实现可持续发展的前提，也是建立生态城市的根本保证。

生态文明的道德评价标准，总体上说，凡是有利于人与自然和谐关系建设的行为便是善的，凡是有害于人与自然和谐关系建设的行为便是恶的。当然，自觉遵守环境法应当是生态文明的底线伦理标准，明确规定人们在处理人与自然的关系时，什么应该做，什么不应该做。而积极践行生态伦理的行为可以容许有多种境界。其中最高境界就是“生态慎独”，即不管在何时何地，不管有无监督，总是以生态道德规范自己，自觉兼顾人的利益和生态利益，自觉促进人与自然的和谐共生和繁荣，为解决人与自然关系的危机尽心尽力。总之，生态学理论对中国建设生态文明社会具有重要的、不可体态的作用，提供科学的理论依据。